NCERT Solutions

India After Independence Class 8 Questions and Answers History Chapter 12

History Class 8 Chapter 12 NCERT Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
You are witness to an argument between an adivasi and a person who is opposed to the reservation of seats and jobs. What might be the arguments you heard each of them put forward? Act out the conversation.
Answer:
Hints :
Adivasi — “We are also Indians, we have full right in all types of jobs”
Person — “No, you are of lower caste”. “You do not have the right to rule over us.
Adivasi — Why? “Has God given you more powers”
Person — ‘Yes ! We are of high castes.”
Adivasi — ‘You have the same blood as we have.”
Person — “Yes ! I oppose the reservation of seats given to you all.” Adivasi — “We will fight for our rights.”

Question 2.
Name three problems that the newly independent nation of India faced.
Answer:
The problems of 8 million refugees, the problem of the princely states and the problems of unity and development were faced by the newly independent nation of India.

Question 3.
What was the role of the Planning Commission?
Answer:
The Planning Commission helped design and execute suitable policies for economic development.

Question 4.
Fill in the blanks :
1. Subjects that were placed on the Union list were ………………., ………………… and ……………. .
2. Subjects on the concurrent list were …………. and …………..
3. Economic planning by which both the state and the private sector played a role in development was called a ……………. model.
4. The death of …………….. sparked off such violent protests that the government was forced to give in to the demand for the linguistic state of Andhra.
Answer:
1. Taxes, defence, foreign affairs
2. Forests, agriculture
3. Mixed economy
4. Potti Sriramulu

Question 5.
State whether true or False :
1. At independence, the majority of Indians lived in villages.
2. The Constituent Assembly was made up of members of the Congress Party.
3. In the first national election, only men were allowed to vote.
4. The Second Five Year Plan focused on the development of heavy industry.
Answer:
1. True
2. False
3. False
4. True

Question 6.
What did Dr. Ambedkar mean when he said that ‘In politics we will have equality, and in social and economic life we will have inequality?
Answer:
What Dr. Ambedkar wanted to say was that providing voting right to the lower caste people would not remove other inequalities such as between rich and poor or between upper castes and lower castes. These classes of people could be labelled equal only politically but in reality it could not be passible due to our social and economic structure.

Question 7.
After Independence, why was there a reluctance to divide the country on linguistic lines?
Answer:
Back in the 1920s, the Indian National Congress—the main party of the freedom struggle—had promised that once the country won independence, each major linguistic group would have its own province. However, after independence the

Congress did not take any steps to honour this promise. Both Prime Minister Nehru and Deputy Prime Minister Vallabhabhai Patel were against the creation of linguistic states. So there was a reluctance to divide the country on the linguistic lines.

Question 8.
Give one reason why English continued to be used in India after independence.
Answer:
English continued to be used in India after independence because south Indian states expressed strong opposition to Hindi.

Question 9.
How was the economic development of India visualised in the early decades after independence?
Answer:
Lifting India and Indians out of poverty and building a modern technical and industrial base were among the major objectives of the new nation. In 1950, the government set up a Planning Commission to help design and execute suitable policies for economic development. There was a broad agreement on what was called “a mixed economy” model. Here, both the state and the private sector would play important and complementary roles in increasing production and generating jobs. What specifically, these roles were to be—which industries should be initiated by the state and which by the market, how to achieve a balance between the different regions and states was to be defined by the Planning Commission.

In 1956, the Second Five Year Plan was formulated. This focused strongly on the development of heavy industries such as steel, and on the building of large dams. These sector would be under the control of the state. This focus on heavy industry, and the effort at state regulation of the economy was to guide economic policy for the next few decades. This approach had many strong supporters, but also some vocal critics.

Question 10.
Who was Mira Behn? Find out more about her life and her ideas?
Answer:
Mira Behn was the daughter of a British Admiral. Actually, her real name was Madeline Shade. She came to India to work with Mahatma Gandhi. She devoted her life to human development. She lived according to Gandhiji’s principles and also supported the freedom struggles. In 1982 she was awarded the Padma Vibhushan.

Question 11.
Find out more about the language divisions in Pakistan that led to the creation of the new nation of Bangladesh. How did Bangladesh achieve independence from Pakistan.
Answer:
During India’s independence in 1947, Pakistan was also given independence but was divided into two regions. East Pakistan and West Pakistan. This division was done on the basis of linguistic majority. West Pakistan was dominated by Urdu speaking Muslims while East Pakistan was dominated by Bangla—speaking Muslims. The people of east Pakistan were considered inferior by the people of west Pakistan. People of east Pakistan was never given all facilities and Fundamental Rights. These people started migrating to India. After some years, that their number grew so large that Indian was compelled to intervene the situation. This led to war between India and Pakistan. India won the war and east Pakistan was named Bangladesh on 16th December 1971. Bangladesh is now a recognised sovereign nation. Its first President was Muzibur Rehman.

Activities

Activity 1
Imagine that you are a British administrator leaving India in 1947. You are writing a letter home where you discuss what is likely to happen to India without the British. What would be your views about the future of India?
Answer:
Hints :
India’s future very dull
A war will take place between Hindus and Muslims — There will be no unity and development in the country — Caste distinction well destroy India.

Activity 2
Imagine a conservation between a father and son in a Muslim family. After partition, the son thinks it would be wiser for them to move to Pakistan while the father believes that they should continue to live in India. Taking information from the chapter so far (and chapter-11), act out what each would say.
Answer:
Son — “Father, let us shift to Pakistan.”
Father — “No son. It is better to stay here. India can make more progress than Pakistan.
Son — “But we will be treated as minorities”. Are conditions will be worse.” Father — “No Son.” “In India the leaders are broad minded. They will treat every one as equal”.

Activity 3
Discuss in year class, our advantage and one disadvantage today of the decision to keep English as a language of India.
Answer:
Hints :
Adv. — In today’s computer world English is a must.
Disadv. — Children will never knew about their regional language.

Activity 4
Look at Figs. 1 (a), 1 (b) and 1 (c). Notice how the Princely States disappear in 1 (b) identify the new states that were formed in 1956 and later and the languages of these states.
Answer:
The new states formed were Haryana (Heryani), Gujarat (Gujarati), Maharashtra (Marathi), Meghalaya, Manipur, Nagaland, Tripura Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, etc.

Activity 5
Discuss in your class whether Mira Behn was right in her view that science and machinery would create problems for human beings. You may like to think about example of the effects of industrial pollution and de-forestation on the world today.
Answer:
Yes, no doubt science has for given us all types of luxouries but it has created many problems for human beings. Science has led to pollution of water, soil and air. This has led to many diseases. Science has changed the natural components of the earth. Due to pollution and deforestation we are facing a lot of climatic changes. Sometimes there is rainfall and sometimes drought. The number of diseases related to water, air etc. have also increased. Thus, Mira Behn was right in her view that science and machinery would create problems for human beings.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science

NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science Geography Chapter 6 Population

Textbook Exercises

Question 1.
Choose the correct answer:

(i) Migrations change the number, distribution and composition of the population in:
(a) the area of departure
(b) the area of arrival
(c) both the area of deparature and arrival
(d) none of the above.
Answer:
(c) both the area of deparature and arrival

(ii) A large proportion of children in a population is result of:
(a) high birth rates
(b) high life expectancies
(c) high death rates
(d) more married couples.
Answer:
(d) more married couples

(iii) The magnitude of population growth refers to :
(a) the total population of an area.
(b) the number of persons added each year
(c) the rate at which the population increases.
(d) the number of females per thousand males.
Answer:
(b) the number of persons added each year

(iv) According to the Census 2001, a “literate” person is one who:
(a) can read and write his/her name
(b) can read and write any language
(c) is 7 years old and can read and write any language with understanding.
(d) knows 3 Rs. (reading, writing, arithmatics)
Answer:
(c) is 7 years old and can read and write any language with understanding.

Question 2.
Write brief answers:

(i) Why is the rate of population growth in India declining since 1981?
Answer:
Since 1981, the rate of growth started declining gradually. The declining trend of the growth rate is mainly due to the efforts done with regard to birth control: I

(ii) Discuss the major components of population growth.
Answer:
The major components of population growth are as under:
1. Birth rate is the number of live births per thousand persons in a year. It is a major component of growth because in India, birth rates have always been higher than death rates.

2. Death Rate is the number of deaths per thousand persons in a year. The main cause of the rate of growth of the Indian population has been the fast decline in death rates.

Till 1980, high birth rates and declining death rates led to a large difference between birth rates and death rates resulting in higher rates of population growth. Since 1981, birth rates have also started declining gradually, resulting in a gradual decline ini the rate of population growth. What are the reasons for this trend?

3. Migration: The third component of population growth is migration. Migration is the movement of people across regions i and territories. Migration can.be internal (within the country) or international (between countries).

Internal migration does not change the size of the population, bujt influences the distribution of population within the nation. Migration plays a very significant role in changing the composition and distribution of population.

In India, most migrations have been from rural to urban areas because of the “push” of the adverse conditions of poverty and unemployment in the rural areas and the “pull” of the city in terms of increased employment opportunities and better living conditions. ‘

(iii) Define age structure, death rate and birth rate.
Answer:
Age structure refers to the classification of population into:
(a) children, (b) adult, (c) aged.

Death rate is the number of deaths per thousand persons in a year.

Birth rate is the number of live births per thousand persons in a. year.

(iv) How is migration a determinant of population change?
Answer:
Migrations are an important determinant of population change. They change not only the population size but also the population composition in terms of urban and rural populations and in terms of age and sex composition. In India, the rural-urban migration has resulted in a stayed increase in the percentage of population in cities and towns. The urban population has increased from 17.29 per cent of the total population in 1951 to 27.78 percent in 2001. There has been a significant increase in the number of ‘million plus cities’ from 23 to 35 in just one decade 1991-2001.

Question 3.
Distinguish between population growth, and population change.
Answer:
Population growth is the increase in population. It is what is added to the population. In population change, the number of people change their place, from one to the other. It neither adds tip nor subtracts from the number of population which the country or a city has.

Question 4.
What is the relationship between occupational structure and development?
Answer:
There is a relationship between occupational structure and developments. More is the number of adult percentage more is the level of development. Children and the aged are economically unproductive. More is their number, less is the level of development.

Question 5.
What are the advantages of having a healthy population?
Answer:
The ad vantages of a healthy population are numerous. A healthy population adds to the health of the nation. It adds to number of working population. In a state of healthy population, there are lesser diseases, lesser deaths lesser health problems and conversely a healthy population to face any problem facing the nation.

Question 6.
What are the significant features of the National Population Policy 2000?
Answer:
The National Population Policy (NPP) 2000 is the culmination of years of planned efforts, beginning from the Family Planning Programme. Its significant features are:

1. Stabilising population growth by 2045.
2. Reducing infant mortality rate to below 30 per 1000 live birth.
3. Achieving universal inmunisaiton of children against all vaccine preventable diseases.
4. Promoting delayed marriage for girls.
5. Making family welfare a people centred programme.
6. Helping the adolescents attain all health care services.

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science Geography Chapter 6 India-Size and Location.

Human Environment Interactions: The Tropical and the Subtropical Region Class 7 Questions and Answers Geography Chapter 8

Class 7 Geography Chapter 8 NCERT Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following questions :
(i) Name the continent in which Amazon basin is located?
Answer:
Amazon basin is located in south America.

(ii) What are the crops grown by the people of the Amazon basin?
Answer:
The crops grown by the people of the Amazon basin are tapioca, pineapple, and sweet potato. The staple food is manioc, also known as cassava, and cash crops like coffee, maize and cocoa are also grown.

(iii) Name the birds that you are likely to find in the rain forests of the Amazon?
Answer:
The birds found in the rain forests of the Amazon are Toucans, humming birds, birds of paradise etc.

(iv) What are the major cities located on the River Ganga?
Answer:
The major cities located on the River Ganga are :

1. Allahabad
2. Kanpur
3. Varanasi
4. Lucknow
5. Patna
6. Kolkata

(v) Where is the one horned rhinoceros found?
Answer:
The one homed rhinoceros is found in the Brahmaputra basin.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answer :
(i) Toucans are a type of :
(a) birds
(b) animals
(c) crops
Answer:
(a) birds.

(ii) Manioc is the staple food of :
(a) Ganga Basin
(b) Africa
(c) Amazon
Answer:
(c) Amazon.

(iii) Kolkata is located on the river :
(a) Orange
(b) Hooghly
(c) Bhagirathe
Answer:
(b) Hooghly.

(iv) Deodars and firs are a type of :
(a) Coniferous trees
(b) Deciduous trees
(c) Shrubs
Answer:
(a) Coniferous forests.

(v) Bengal tiger is found in :
(a) mountains
(b) delta area
(c) Amazon
Answer:
(b) delta area.

Question 3.
Match the following :

Answer:

Question 4.
Give reasons :
(i) The rain forests are depleting.
Answer:
The rain forests are depleting because of development activities. This is leading to the gradual destruction of the biologically diverse rain forests. It is estimated that a large area of the rain forest has been disappearing annually in the Amazon basin.

(ii) Paddy is grown in the Ganga-Brahmaputra plains.
Answer:
The Ganga-Brahmaputra plain is very fertile. The monsoon brings rain from mid-June to mid-September. The summer is hot and winter is cool. The flat land and alluvial soil is suitable for growing crops, especially paddy. Since cultivation of paddy requires sufficient water, it is grown in the areas where the amount of rainfall is high.

Question 5.
Map skills :
(i) On an outline map of Indian sub-continent draw the rivers Ganga and Brahmaputra from the source to the mouth. Also show the important tributaries of both the rivers.
Answer:

(ii) On the political map of the South America, draw the equator. Mark the countries located on the equator

Answer:
The countries located on the equador are Equator, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, etc.

NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science