Kishen

Answer: Option C
Explanation : In December 1917, Germany agreed to an armistice and peace talks with Russia, and Lenin sent Leon Trotsky to Brest-Litovsk in Belarus to negotiate a treaty. The talks broke off after Germany demanded independence for Russian holdings in Eastern Europe, and in February 1918 fighting resumed on the eastern front. They signed the Peace Treaty.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : On 3rd September 1939, Prime Minister Chamberlain went to the airwaves to announce to the British people that a state of war existed between their country and Germany. World War II had begun.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : The United States did not enter the war until after the Japanese bombed the American fleet in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on December 7, 1941.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of the Austro-Hungarian Empire on June 28, 1914 in Sarajevo was the immediate cause of WWI.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : The World War-II lasted from 1939 to 1945 fought between two opposite Military alliances the Allied powers (France, Great Britain, The United States, The Soviet Union) and the Axis powers (Germany, Italy, Japan).

Answer: Option D
Explanation : World War-I began with the assasination of Archduke Franz Ferdinaud. In this conflict Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria and Ottoman Empire (Central Power) fought against the Great Briain, France, Russia, Italy, Romania, Japan and the United States (Allied Power).

Answer: Option B
Explanation : Aboard the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay, Japan formally surrenders to the Allies, bringing an end to World War II. By the summer of 1945, the defeat of Japan was a foregone conclusion. The Japanese navy and air force were destroyed.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : Hitler committed suicide on 30 April. In accordance with Hitler’s will, Goebbels succeeded him as Chancellor of Germany; he served one day in this post.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : Nuremberg trial were series of 13 trials carried out in Nurembeng, Germany held by the Allied forces after World War-II. The International tribunal sentenced 12 high ranking Nazis to death for war crimes on Oct 1, 1946. It is refferred as “the Greatest trial in history”.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : The Weimar Republic was Germany’s government from 1919 to 1933, the period after World War I until the rise of Nazi Germany.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : According to legend, Ancient Rome was founded by the two brothers, and demi-gods, Romulus and Remus, on 21 April 753 BCE. The legend claims that, in an argument over who would rule the city (or, in another version, where the city would be located) Romulus killed Remus and named the city after himself.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : The First Bulgarian Empire was a medieval Bulgarian state that existed in Southeastern Europe between the 7th and 11th centuries AD. It was founded in 681 when Bulgar tribes led by Asparuh moved to the northeastern Balkans.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : The organization implements the North Atlantic Treaty that was signed on 4 April 1949. NATO constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its independent member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : Alexander the Great become the king of Macedonia in 336 BC.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : Socrates was born circa 469 BC in Athens, Greece to Sophroniscus, a stone mason and sculptor, and Phaenarete, a midwife.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : History changed on October 4, 1957, when the Soviet Union successfully launched Sputnik I. The world’s first artificial satellite was about the size of a beach ball (58 cm.or 22.8 inches in diameter), weighed only 83.6 kg. or 183.9 pounds, and took about 98 minutes to orbit the Earth on its elliptical path.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : Indus Valley Civilisation System of underground drainage was the most unique feature of town planning in the Indus Valley Civilization. It is regarded as oldest drainage system having prominent features such as covering of Slab and Manhole.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : Kant, Fichte, Hegel and Rosenberg are idealist and supposed authority of state.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : The word democracy is derived from Greek word “Demokratia” which means “Rule of People’.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : In The Social Contract (1762) Rousseau argues that laws are binding only when they are supported by the general will of the people. His famous idea, ‘man is born free, but he is everywhere in chains’ challenged the traditional order of society.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : The Battle of Waterloo was fought on Sunday, 18 June 1815 near Waterloo in Belgium, part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands at the time. A French army under the command of Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated by two of the armies of the Seventh Coalition: a British-led allied army under the command of the Duke of Wellington, and a Prussian army under the command of Field Marshal Blücher. The battle marked the end of the Napoleonic Wars.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : Mount Vesuvius, a volcano near the Bay of Naples in Italy, is hundreds of thousands of years old and has erupted more than 50 times. Its most famous eruption took place in the year 79 A.D., when the volcano buried the ancient Roman city of Pompeii under a thick carpet of volcanic ash.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : The All Red Line was an informal name for the system of electrical telegraphs that linked much of the British Empire. It was inaugurated on 31 October 1902.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : Louis XVI (23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793), born Louis-Auguste, was the last King of France before the fall of the monarchy during the French Revolution. He was referred to as Citizen Louis Capet during the four months before he was guillotined.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : Genghis Khan died in August 1227, during the fall of Yinchuan, which is the capital of Western Xia. The exact cause of his death remains a mystery, and is variously attributed to being killed in action against the Western Xia, illness, falling from his horse, or wounds sustained in hunting or battle.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : Mikhail Bakunin was a founding member and the Prominent leader of the Russian Populist Movement “Anarchism”. He is regarded as the Father of Modern Terrorism.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : Fascism is a forum of government which is governed by the principles of right wing totalitarianism. Fascists are against democracy. Mussolini and Hitler are the two first fascist leaders.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : The battle of Bosworth, which took place on 22 August 1485, was the last significant clash of the Wars of the Roses. The armies of Yorkist king Richard III were defeated by Henry Tudor (later Henry VII), which heralded the end of the Plantagenet dynasty and marked the birth of the Tudor age.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : Queen Elizabeth I of England belongs to Tudor dynasty. Elizabeth was born in 1533 at Greenwich, England. She was the daughter of King Henry VIII of England and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. She had an older half-sister Mary, and, later, a younger half-brother Edward. Elizabeth was given a good education.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : On November 27, 1095, Pope Urban II makes perhaps the most influential speech of the Middle Ages, giving rise to the Crusades by calling all Christians in Europe to war against Muslims in order to reclaim the Holy Land, with a cry of “Deus vult!” or “God wills it!”.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : Constantinople was re-inaugurated in 324 from ancient Byzantium as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Emperor Constantine the Great, after whom it was named, and dedicated on 11 May 330. The city was located in what is now the European side and the core of modern Istanbul.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : The Malleus Maleficarum, a Latin book written in 1486 and 1487, is also known as “The Hammer of Witches”. This is a translation of the title. Authorship of the book is credited to two German Dominican monks, Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger. It was published in 1487.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : Pearl Harbor attack, (December 7, 1941), surprise aerial attack on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor on Oahu Island, Hawaii, by the Japanese that precipitated the entry of the United States into World War II. The strike climaxed a decade of worsening relations between the United States and Japan.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : Henry VII (Welsh: Harri Tudur; 28 January 1457 – 21 April 1509) was the King of England and Lord of Ireland from his seizure of the crown on 22 August 1485 to his death on 21 April 1509. He was the first monarch of the House of Tudor. He was the last king of England to win his throne on the field of battle.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : George V (George Frederick Ernest Albert; 3 June 1865 – 20 January 1936) was king of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 until his death in 1936. He became king-emperor on his father’s death in 1910.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : Thucydides was an Athenian historian and general. His history of the Peloponnesian War recounts the fifth-century BC war between Sparta and Athens until the year 411 BC. Thucydides has been dubbed the father of “scientific history” by those who accept his claims to have applied strict standards of impartiality and evidence-gathering and analysis of cause and effect, without reference to intervention by the deities, as outlined in his introduction to his work.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : Monalisa is the famous creation of Italian Renaissance artist Leonardo-da-Vinci. It is acclaimed as the most livable work of art.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : Nelson Mandela is known as “South African Gandhi”. He also used the Gandhian principles of ‘Passive Resistance’ and ‘Satyagraha’ as effective political tool.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : The alternative term medieval derives from medium aevum, tripartite periodisation became standard after the German 17th-century historian Christoph Cellarius. This threefold periodization was first employed by George Hornius, a Dutch historian in his Arca Noae (1666), and became widely known later through Christophorus Cellarius, a German historian, in his Historia nova, hoc est XVI et XVII saeculorum (1696).

Answer: Option B
Explanation : On the 2nd of December 1804 Napoleon crowned himself Emperor Napoleon I at Notre Dame de Paris. According to legend, during the coronation he snatched the crown from the hands of Pope Pius VII and crowned himself, thus displaying his rejection of the authority of the Pontiff.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : Margaret I, (born 1353, Søborg, Den.—died Oct. 28, 1412, Flensburg), regent of Denmark (from 1375), of Norway (from 1380), and of Sweden (from 1389), who, by diplomacy and war, pursued dynastic policies that led to the Kalmar Union (1397), which united Denmark, Norway, and Sweden until 1523 and Denmark and Norway until 1814.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : Apartheid was the policy of racial segregation and discrimination that governed the relations between the white minority and the non-white majority in South Africa.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Vice President Henry A. Wallace won the election of 1940, and were at the helm of the nation as it prepared for and entered World War II.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : Treaty of Versailles brought World War-I to an end, it was also one of the cause of World War-II. The leaders of the Allied and associated powers, as well as representatives from Germany, gathered in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles to sign the final treaty.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : Queen Elizabeth-II is the oldest British Monarch to sit on the throne. She was 91 years old when she ascended the throne in 1952.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : This system was initially adopted by the succeeding Han dynasty (206 bce–220 ce), but in 124 bce, under the reign of the Han emperor Wudi, an imperial university was established to train and test officials in the techniques of Confucian government.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : “Democracy is a government in which everyone has a share” was the opinion of Abraham Lincoln. According to Abraham Lincoln, democracy gave people the right to make use of their thinking according to their capacity.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : Marco Polo, an Italian trader and traveler, became famous for his travels in central Asia and China. He wrote a book that gave Europeans some of their earliest information about China, which was then called Cathay. Marco was born in Venice. His father, Nicolo Polo, was a merchant.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : World War II also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : The Hundred Years’ War was a long struggle between England and France over succession to the French throne. It lasted from 1337 to 1453, so it might more accurately be called the “116 Years’ War.”

Answer: Option B
Explanation : France in early 1815 and raised a new Grand Army that enjoyed temporary success before its crushing defeat at Waterloo against an allied force under Wellington on June 18, 1815. Napoleon was subsequently exiled to the island of Saint Helena off the coast of Africa.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : Howard Carter (9 May 1874 – 2 March 1939) was a British archaeologist and Egyptologist who became world-famous after discovering the intact tomb (designated KV62) of the 18th Dynasty Pharaoh, Tutankhamun (colloquially known as “King Tut” and “the boy king”), in November 1922.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : Crimean War, (October 1853–February 1856), war fought mainly on the Crimean Peninsula between the Russians and the British, French, and Ottoman Turkish, with support from January 1855 by the army of Sardinia-Piedmont.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the Soviet Union with its satellite states (the Eastern Bloc), and the United States with its allies (the Western Bloc) after World War II.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : The First Geneva Convention for the amelioration of the condition of the wounded in armies in the field, held on 22 August 1864, is the first of four treaties of the Geneva Conventions. After the first treaty was adopted in 1864, it was significantly revised and replaced in 1906, 1929, and finally 1949.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : The Opium Wars in the mid-19th century were a critical juncture in modern Chinese history. The first Opium War was fought between China and Great Britain from 1839 to 1942.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : The First Crusade (1095–1099) was the first of a number of crusades that attempted to recapture the Holy Land, called for by Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont in 1095. Urban called for a military expedition to aid the Byzantine Empire, which had recently lost most of Anatolia to the Seljuq Turks. The First Crusade lasted from 1096 to 1099.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : The Chinese Civil War was a war fought between the Kuomintang (KMT)-led government of the Republic of China and the Communist Party of China (CPC). Although particular attention is paid to the four years of Chinese Communist Revolution from 1945 to 1949, the war actually started in August 1927, with the White Terror at the end of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek’s Northern Expedition, and essentially ended when major hostilities between the two sides ceased in 1950.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : The Hundred Years’ War was a series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 between the House of Plantagenet, rulers of the Kingdom of England, against the House of Valois, rulers of the Kingdom of France.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : The term to refers to a civil war or series of conflicts in England that lasted from 1455-1487. These thirty years of warfare were even more destructive to England than the Hundred Years War had been in the previous century.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : Jefferson Davis, in full Jefferson Finis Davis, (born June 3, 1808, Christian county, Kentucky, U.S.—died December 6, 1889, New Orleans, Louisiana), president of the Confederate States of America throughout its existence during the American Civil War (1861–65).

Answer: Option B
Explanation : Greco-Persian Wars, also called Persian Wars, (492–449 bce), a series of wars fought by Greek states and Persia over a period of almost half a century.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : Falkland Islands War, also called Falklands War, Malvinas War, or South Atlantic War, a brief undeclared war fought between Argentina and England in 1982 over control of the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) and associated island dependencies.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : The First Sino-Japanese War (25 July 1894 – 17 April 1895) was fought between China and Japan primarily over influence in Korea.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : The Civil War started because of uncompromising differences between the free and slave states over the power of the national government to prohibit slavery in the territories that had not yet become states. The event that triggered war came at Fort Sumter in Charleston Bay on April 12, 1861.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : The Greek War of Independence (1821–1829), also commonly known as the Greek Revolution, was a successful war by the Greeks who won independence for Greece from the Ottoman Empire. Muhammad Ali Pasha sent his son Ismail with a navy to help fight the Greeks.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : The Vietnam War (Vietnamese: Chiến tranh Việt Nam), also known as the Second Indochina War, and in Vietnam as the Resistance War Against America (Vietnamese: Kháng chiến chống Mỹ) or simply the American War, was an undeclared war in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975

Answer: Option C
Explanation : Falkland Islands War, also called Falklands War, Malvinas War, or South Atlantic War, a brief undeclared war fought between Argentina and Great Britain in 1982 over control of the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) and associated island dependencies.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : The Crimean War (1853-56) was the military conflict fought on the Crimean Peninsula between the Russian and the British, French and Ottoman Turkish and Saudinia. This war concluded without any result.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : The First Crusade (1095–1099) was the first of a number of crusades that attempted to recapture the Holy Land, called for by Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont in 1095. Urban called for a military expedition to aid the Byzantine Empire, which had recently lost most of Anatolia to the Seljuq Turks. The resulting military expedition of primarily Frankish nobles, known as the Princes’ Crusade, not only re-captured Anatolia but went on to conquer the Holy Land (the Levant), which had fallen to Islamic expansion as early as the 7th century, and culminated in July 1099 in the re-conquest of Jerusalem and the establishment of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : The Anglo-Zulu War was fought in 1879 between the British Empire and the Zulu Kingdom.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : Germany had formally surrendered on November 11, 1918, and all nations had agreed to stop fighting while the terms of peace were negotiated. On June 28, 1919, Germany and the Allied Nations (including Britain, France, Italy and Russia) signed the Treaty of Versailles, formally ending the war.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : Opium wars were series of two military conflicts between the British forces and the forces of Qing dynasty of China conflict over the Britain’s trade in China. These wars are also referred as Anglo-Cinese disputes – First Opium War (1839-1842) Second Opium war (1856-1860).

Answer: Option A
Explanation : Abraham Lincoln was succeeded by Vice President Andrew Johnson. Lincoln presided over the Union victory in the American Civil War, which dominated his presidency.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : Falkland Islands War, also called Falklands War, Malvinas War, or South Atlantic War, a brief undeclared war fought between Argentina and Great Britain in 1982 over control of the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) and associated island dependencies.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage from 264 BC to 146 BC. At the time, they were some of the largest wars that had ever taken place.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : American civil war was a struggle against slavery and controversy over state’s rights related to racial discrimination that started in April 1861 and lasted for 4 years till 1865.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : The Treaty of Portsmouth formally ended the 1904–05 Russo-Japanese War. It was signed on September 5, 1905 after negotiations lasting from August 6 to August 30, at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery, Maine, United States.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : The Warring States Period (475–221 BC) was an era of division in ancient China. After the relatively peaceful and philosophical Spring and Autumn Period, various states were at war before the Qin state conquered them all, and China was reunited under the Qin Dynasty.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : German New Guinea (German: Deutsch-Neuguinea) consisted of the northeastern part of the island of New Guinea and several nearby island groups and was the first part of the German colonial empire. The mainland part of the territory, called Kaiser-Wilhelmsland, became a German protectorate in 1884.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : The war began on February 8, 1904, when the main Japanese fleet launched a surprise attack and siege on the Russian naval squadron at Port Arthur.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : The Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC) was an ancient Greek war fought by the Delian League led by Athens against the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta. Sparta defeated Athens in 404 BC.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : September 25 (October 6), 1768 began the Russo-Turkish war – one of the most significant wars between the Russian and Ottoman empires, as a result of which Kerch, Yenikale and Kinburn, the lands between the Dnieper and the Bug were attached to Russia and the Crimean Khanate gained independence under the protection of Russia.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : Jana-Gana-Mana was composed by Rabindra Nath Tagore in Bengali language. Under the title of Bharat Vidhata it was first published in 1912 and sung in the (Calcutta session)1911.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : The last constitutional provision (covering undivided India) passed by the House of Commons was Government of India Act 1935.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : 1917 is known for the series of revolutions in Russia collectively termed as The Russian Revolution.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : Bernard Baruch, the multimillionaire financier and adviser to presidents from Woodrow Wilson to Harry S. Truman, coined the term “Cold War” to describe the increasingly chilly relations between two World War II Allies: the United States and the Soviet Union.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : The kingdom of England and the kingdom of France was involved in a series of conflict form 1337 to 1453, it is referred as ” The Hundred Year War “.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : The Treaty of Versailles of 1871 ended the Franco-Prussian War and was signed by Adolphe Thiers, of the French Third Republic, and Otto von Bismarck, of the German Empire on 26 February 1871.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : On June 24, 1497, 50 days into the voyage, Cabot landed on the east coast of North America. The precise location of Cabot’s landing is subject to controversy. Some historians believe that Cabot landed at Cape Breton Island or mainland Nova Scotia.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : Charlemagne is crowned emperor – December 25, 800.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : According to tradition, the great English dramatist and poet William Shakespeare is born in Stratford on Avon on April 23, 1564.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : The Glorious Revolution, also called “The Revolution of 1688” and “The Bloodless Revolution,” took place from 1688-1689 in England. It involved the overthrow of the Catholic king James II, who was replaced by his Protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch husband, William of Orange.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : The Korean War was a war between North Korea and South Korea. The fighting ended on 27 July 1953, when an armistice was signed.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : Thomas Edison invented a less powerful incandescent lamp in 1879, and in September 1882 only a month before the inaugural issue of POWER magazine was published he established a central generating station at Pearl Street in lower Manhattan.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : The breakup of the Carolingian Empire was accompanied by invasions, migrations, and raids by external foes. The Atlantic and northern shores were harassed by the Vikings who raided the British Isles and settled there as well as in Iceland.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : Alexander was educated by the great philosopher Aristotle of Stagira. The school at Mieza can still be visited (a little to the east and below modern Naousa).

Answer: Option B
Explanation : The words of Abraham Lincoln to honour the soldiers that sacrificed their lives in order “that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth” were spoken at Gettysburg, but these words apply as well to the countless soldiers that died for the cause of democracy in the following 150 years.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : Ferdinand Magellan led the first expedition to sail all the way around the world. He also discovered a passage from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean that is today called the Straits of Magellan.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : Feudalism was a combination of legal and military customs in medieval Europe that flourished between the 9th and 15th centuries. Broadly defined, it was a way of structuring society around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labour. In French European country feudalism process was first started.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : George Washington was an American political leader, military general, statesman, and Founding Father, who also served as the first president of the United States from 1789 to 1797.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : Pepin the Short took control of the kingdoms of Austrasia and Neustria in a coup of 753.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : The individualistic theory considers the State as ‘a necessary evil’. It is an evil because it encroaches upon the freedom of individuals. As it is an evil, it is better to have as little of it as far as possible. But at the same time, the State is regarded as ‘necessary’ because of selfish and egoistic nature of human beings. It is necessary in order to stop the anti-social activities of individuals in the society. But it should not be all powerful, omnipotent and omnicompetent. Hence it is considered as a ‘necessary evil”.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : Constantine was the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity. Although he lived much of his life as a pagan, and later as a catechumen, he joined the Christian faith on his deathbed, being baptised by Eusebius of Nicomedia.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : Anglo-Russian Entente, (1907) pact in which Britain and Russia settled their colonial disputes in Persia, Afghanistan, and Tibet. It delineated spheres of influence in Persia, stipulated that neither country would interfere in Tibet’s internal affairs, and recognized Britain’s influence over Afghanistan.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : Catherine the Great extended Russian political control over the lands of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Catherine successfully waged war against the Ottoman Empire and advanced Russia’s southern boundary to the Black Sea.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : The Mandate of Heaven is an ancient Chinese belief and philosophical idea that Heaven granted emperors the right to rule based on their ability to govern well and fairly.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : The Mexica were late-comers to the Valley of Mexico, and founded the city-state of Tenochtitlan on unpromising islets in Lake Texcoco, later becoming the dominant power of the Aztec Triple Alliance or Aztec Empire.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : Approved July 2, 1890, The Sherman Anti-Trust Act was the first Federal act that outlawed monopolistic business practices. The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 was the first measure passed by the U.S. Congress to prohibit trusts.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : The concept of a democratic society, such as the one our country enjoys today, began in the Greek capital some 8,000 years ago. The city of Athens is sometimes referred to as the cradle of Western civilization. Athens began as a hilltop fort on the Acropolis.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : The statue of Jupiter Zeus, i.e. king of Gods was built around 432 B.C. as a shrine to Greek God Zeus. Olympic games got organized in the memory of Zeus.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : Modern Bangladesh was created after the liberation war 1971 fought between armies of Pakistan and India and hence East Pakistan was separated from Pakistan. Sheikh Mujib-ur-Rehman is known as national father of Bangladesh.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : Battle of Marathon, (September 490 bce), in the Greco-Persian Wars, decisive battle fought on the Marathon plain of northeastern Attica in which the Athenians, in a single afternoon, repulsed the first Persian invasion of Greece.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : The Third Battle of Panipat took place on 14 January 1761 at Panipat, about 60 miles (97 km) north of Delhi, between a northern expeditionary force of the Maratha Empire and invading forces of the King of Afghanistan, Ahmad Shah Abdali, supported by two Indian allies—the Rohillas Najib-ud-daulah, Afghans of the Doab region and Shuja-ud-Daula-the Nawab of Awadh.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : The Battle of Plassey was a major battle that took place on 23 June 1757 at Palashi, Bengal. It was an important British East India Company victory over the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : The US President is elected indirectly and the elections are held in accordance with the system of Universal Adult Franchise.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : James Madison is known as the Father of the Constitution because of his pivotal role in the document’s drafting as well as its ratification.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : Ogedei Khan

Answer: Option A
Explanation : The Battle of Nicopolis took place on 25 September 1396 and resulted in the rout of an allied crusader army of Hungarian, Croatian, Bulgarian, Wallachian, French, English, Burgundian, German and assorted troops (assisted by the Venetian navy) at the hands of an Ottoman force, raising of the siege of the Danubian fortress of Nicopolis and leading to the end of the Second Bulgarian Empire.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : They promoted various small kingdoms to merge into a large kingdom. Their invasion of other countries was motivated by overpopulation, trade assets, and the lack of viable farmland in their homeland.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : “Fat Man” was the codename for the nuclear bomb that was detonated over the Japanese city of Nagasaki by the United States on 9 August 1945. It was the second of the only two nuclear weapons ever used in warfare, the first being Little Boy, and its detonation marked the third nuclear explosion in history.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : In formal terms the answer lies in the second Convention of Peking, signed on 9 June 1898. The ailing Qing Dynasty leased the New Territories to Britain for 99 years, starting 1 July 1898. The new additions were to make up 90 per cent of Hong Kong’s land mass. The term of 99 years was fixed almost casually.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : The Parliament of Great Britain was formed in 1707 following the ratification of the Acts of Union by both the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : Florence is often named as the birthplace of the Renaissance. The early writers and artists of the period sprung from this city in the northern hills of Italy. As a center for the European wool trade, the political power of the city rested primarily in the hands of the wealthy merchants who dominated the industry.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : The forous quote ” Man is born free botis every where in chains ” is given by fomous philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseaou.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : Muhammad Ali Pasha was the ruler of Egypt and Sudan. He is regarded “the founder of modern Egypt,” because of the dramatic reforms in the military, economic, and cultural spheres that he instituted.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : Menes is traditionally considered the first king of Ancient Egypt, Narmer has been identified by the majority of Egyptologists as the same person as Menes.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : Sir William Wallace is believed to be one of Scotlands greatest national heroes. He led the Rising of 1297, in an attempt to reverse the loss of Scottish independence to England. He was knighted and made Guardian of Scotland. He later resigned after The Battle of Falkirk when he was defeated by the English cavalry.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : In 1940, the Axis powers are formed as Germany, Italy, and Japan become allies with the signing of the Tripartite Pact in Berlin. The Pact provided for mutual assistance should any of the signatories suffer attack by any nation not already involved in the war.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : The Battle of Waterloo, which took place in Belgium on June 18, 1815, marked the final defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte, who conquered much of Europe in the early 19th century.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : The Battle of Waterloo, which took place in Belgium on June 18, 1815, marked the final defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte, who conquered much of Europe in the early 19th century.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a Swiss born French political philosopher gave the statement “Liberty consists in obedience to the general will”.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : Winston Churchill declared that Bolshevism must be “strangled in its cradle”.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : Whalers, missionaries, and traders followed, and in 1840 Britain formally annexed the islands and established New Zealand’s first permanent European settlement at Wellington. Originally part of the Australian colony of New South Wales, New Zealand became a separate colony in 1841 and was made self-governing in 1852.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : “Little Boy” was the code name for the type of atomic bomb dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945 during World War II. It was the first nuclear weapon used in warfare.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : The Battle of the Hydaspes was fought in 326 BC between Alexander the Great and King Porus of the Paurava kingdom on the banks of the river Jhelum (known to the Greeks as Hydaspes) in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent (modern-day Punjab, Pakistan).

Answer: Option D
Explanation : The custom of sacrificial fire was also followed by Romans, Greeks, Iranians along with Vedic Aryans.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : The capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, Constantinople was conquered by the Ottoman Army, under the command Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II on 29th May 1453. With this conquest Ottomans became an Empire and one of the most powerful empires, The Eastern Roman Empire fell and lasted.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : Pablo Picasso (October 25, 1881 to April 8, 1973) was a Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist and stage designer considered one of the greatest and most influential artists of the 20th century and the co-creator, along with Georges Braque, of Cubism.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : The Twelve Tables (aka Law of the Twelve Tables) was a set of laws inscribed on 12 bronze tablets created in ancient Rome in 451 and 450 BCE. They were the beginning of a new approach to laws where they would be passed by government and written down so that all citizens might be treated equally before them.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : Battle of Trafalgar 1805 was an Naval engagement of Napolenic wars. In this Naval battle British fleet was headed by Lord Nelson who defeated the combined French and Spanish fleets near Strait of Gibraltor. This was the battle which established the naval supermacy of Britishers.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : Fascism is an Italian word. It is a political ideology propounded by Benito Mussolini. The three main principles of fascist philosophy are-
(i) Every thing in the state.
(ii) Nothing outside the state.
(iii) Nothing against the state.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : The Dutch East Indies (or Netherlands East-Indies; Dutch: Nederlands(ch)-Indië; Indonesian: Hindia Belanda) was a Dutch colony consisting of what is now Indonesia. It was formed from the nationalised colonies of the Dutch East India Company, which came under the administration of the Dutch government in 1800.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : During the Muslim rule in Spain, Seville came under the jurisdiction of the Caliphate of Córdoba before becoming the independent Taifa of Seville; later it was ruled by the Muslim Almoravids and the Almohads until finally being incorporated into the Christian Kingdom of Castile under Ferdinand III in 1248.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : The increase in trade, mode of production urbanization during industrialization led to the fall of feudalism and the rise of capitalism in England.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : Constantine was the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity. Although he lived much of his life as a pagan, and later as a catechumen, he joined the Christian faith on his deathbed, being baptised by Eusebius of Nicomedia.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : Hernán Cortés was a Spanish conquistador and explorer who defeated the Aztec empire and claimed Mexico for Spain. He first set sail to the New World at the age of 19. Cortés later joined an expedition to Cuba. In 1518, he set off to explore Mexico.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : Louis XIV of France, also known as the Sun-King, ruled for 72 years and 110 days, the longest of any European monarch. He ruled 1643 to 1715.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : Serfdom is the status of peasants under feudalism. It was a condition of bondage which developed primarily during the High Middle Ages in Europe. The right to work on certain land and pass the lands to their heirs was included in it.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : The first Russian ruler to be formally crowned as Tsar of Russia was Ivan IV, until then known as Grand Prince of all the Russia’s.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : The Barada River flows through Damascus. First settled in the second millennium BC, it was chosen as the capital of the Umayyad Caliphate from 661 to 750. After the victory of the Abbasid dynasty, the seat of Islamic power was moved to Baghdad.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : On February 21, 1848, The Communist Manifesto, written by Karl Marx with the assistance of Friedrich Engels, is published in London by a group of German-born revolutionary socialists known as the Communist League.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : The slash and burn agriculture is known as ‘Milpa’ in Mexico and Central America, ‘Conuco’ in Venezuela, ‘Roca’ in Brazil, ‘Masole’ in Central Africa, ‘Ladang’ in Indonesia, ‘Ray’ in Vietnam.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : On 6 February 1819, Stamford Raffles, Temenggong Abdu’r Rahman and Sultan Hussein Shah of Johor signed a treaty that gave the British East India Company (EIC) the right to set up a trading post in Singapore.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : Construction of the wall began in the Qin Dynasty (221-206 BCE) under the First Emperor Shi Huangdi and continued over hundreds of years throughout many different dynasties.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : Otto I (23 November 912 – 7 May 973), traditionally known as Otto the Great (German: Otto der Große, Italian: Ottone il Grande), was German king from 936 and Holy Roman Emperor from 962 until his death in 973. He was the oldest son of Henry I the Fowler and Matilda.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : The day (6th June 1944) during the world war-II is referred as D-Day. On this day Allied Troops invaded France. This day is also called ‘the day of the Normandy landings’.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : Damascus is the capital city of Syria and the oldest inhabited city in the world.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : Queen Elizabeth I (September 7, 1533 to March 24, 1603) claimed the throne in 1558 at the age of 25 and held it until her death 44 years later.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : Athene, also known as Minerva by the Romans, was the ancient Greek Goddess of wisdom, crafts, weaving, war, and the cultivation of the olive tree. She was particularly worshipped in Athens, which derived its name from that of the goddess.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : John France recounts the against-the-odds narrative of the capture of the Holy City by the forces of the First Crusade. On Tuesday, June 7th, 1099, the First Crusade arrived before the city of Jerusalem and began a siege which would end with its capture on Friday, July 15th.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : The Siege of Jerusalem was a siege on the city of Jerusalem that lasted from September 20 to October 2, 1187, when Balian of Ibelin surrendered the city to Saladin.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : When Alexander invaded India, Taxila was ruled by Ambhi.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : Ardashir was aided by the geography of the province of Fars, which was separated from the rest of Iran. Crowned in 224 at Ctesiphon as the sole ruler of Persia, Ardashir took the title shahanshah, or “King of Kings” (the inscriptions mention Adhur-Anahid as his Banbishnan banbishn, “Queen of Queens”, but her relationship with Ardashir has not been fully established), bringing the 400-year-old Parthian Empire to an end, and beginning four centuries of Sassanid rule.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : On December 25, 1991, the Soviet hammer and sickle flag lowered for the last time over the Kremlin, thereafter replaced by the Russian tricolor.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : After the outbreak of the Wuchang Uprising against Qing rule in 1911, the revolutionaries elected Sun Yat-sen as the “provisional president” of the transitional government, with the Republic of China officially established on January 1, 1912.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : From ca. 970 until 1018, a series of conflicts between the Bulgarian Empire and the Byzantine Empire led to the gradual conquest of Bulgaria by the Byzantines, who thus re-established their control over the entire Balkan peninsula for the first time since the 7th-century Slavic invasions. The struggle began with the incorporation of eastern Bulgaria after the Russo–Byzantine War (970–971). Bulgarian resistance was led by the Cometopuli brothers, who based in the unconquered western regions of the Bulgarian Empire led it until its fall under Byzantine rule in 1018.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : The battle of Bosworth, which took place on 22 August 1485, was the last significant clash of the Wars of the Roses. The armies of Yorkist king Richard III were defeated by Henry Tudor (later Henry VII), which heralded the end of the Plantagenet dynasty and marked the birth of the Tudor age.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : William built a large fleet and invaded England in September 1066, decisively defeating and killing Harold at the Battle of Hastings on 14 October 1066. After further military efforts William was crowned king on Christmas Day 1066, in London.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : According to legend, Ancient Rome was founded by the two brothers, and demi-gods, Romulus and Remus, on 21 April 753 BCE. The legend claims that, in an argument over who would rule the city (or, in another version, where the city would be located) Romulus killed Remus and named the city after himself.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : Founder of the Satavahana dynasty was Simuka. He and his successors established their authority from the mouth of the Krishna to the entire Deccan plateau. According to the Puranas, the Satavahana king killed the last Kanva ruler of Magadha and presumably took possession of his kingdom.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : Henry VII (Welsh: Harri Tudur; 28 January 1457 – 21 April 1509) was the King of England and Lord of Ireland from his seizure of the crown on 22 August 1485 to his death on 21 April 1509. He was the first monarch of the House of Tudor. He was the last king of England to win his throne on the field of battle.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : On the 2nd of December 1804 Napoleon crowned himself Emperor Napoleon I at Notre Dame de Paris. According to legend, during the coronation he snatched the crown from the hands of Pope Pius VII and crowned himself, thus displaying his rejection of the authority of the Pontiff.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : Margaret I, (born 1353, Søborg, Den.—died Oct. 28, 1412, Flensburg), regent of Denmark (from 1375), of Norway (from 1380), and of Sweden (from 1389), who, by diplomacy and war, pursued dynastic policies that led to the Kalmar Union (1397), which united Denmark, Norway, and Sweden until 1523 and Denmark and Norway until 1814.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : Apartheid was the policy of racial segregation and discrimination that governed the relations between the white minority and the non-white majority in South Africa.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : With only minor amendments the Scottish Parliament passed the treaty in January 1707, and the English passed it soon after. The royal assent was given on March 6, and the union went into effect on May 1, 1707.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : Napoleon was born on 15 August 1769, to Carlo Maria di Buonaparte and Maria Letizia Ramolino, in his family’s ancestral home Casa Buonaparte in Ajaccio, the capital of the island of Corsica. He was their fourth child and third son.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : Cortez discovered Mexico in the year 1519.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : The Triple Alliance was an agreement between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. It was formed on 20 May 1882 and renewed periodically until it expired in 1915 during World War I.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : When Ferdinand died in September 1833, Isabella was recognized as the sovereign, but his widow was obliged to lean on the liberals as Don Carlos asserted his claims from Portugal and thus began the First Carlist War.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : The Nanking Massacre was an episode of mass murder and mass rape committed by Japanese troops against the residents of Nanking during the Second Sino-Japanese War.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : The Indian Rebellion of 1857 is also called the Indian Mutiny, the Sepoy Mutiny, North India’s First War of Independence or North India’s first struggle for independence. It began on 10 May 1857 at Meerut, as a mutiny of sepoys of the British East India Company’s army.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : Titanic, in full Royal Mail Ship (RMS) Titanic, British luxury passenger liner that sank on April 14–15, 1912, during its maiden voyage, en route to New York City from Southampton, England, killing about 1,500 passengers and ship personnel.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : Pearl Harbor, naval base and headquarters of the U.S. Pacific Fleet, Honolulu county, southern Oahu Island, Hawaii, U.S. in U.S. history the name recalls the surprise Japanese air attack on December 7, 1941, that temporarily crippled the U.S. Fleet and resulted in the United States’ entry into World War II.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : In 343 B.C., King Philip II hired the philosopher Aristotle to tutor Alexander at the Temple of the Nymphs at Meiza. Over the course of three years, Aristotle taught Alexander and a handful of his friends philosophy, poetry, drama, science and politics.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : The 1848 Revolutions in the Italian states, part of the wider Revolutions of 1848 in Europe, were organized revolts in the states of the Italian peninsula and Sicily, led by intellectuals and agitators who desired a liberal government.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : The Russian Revolution was a pair of revolutions in Russia in 1917 which dismantled the Tsarist autocracy and led to the rise of the Soviet Union. The Russian Empire collapsed with the abdication of Emperor Nicholas II and the old regime was replaced by a provisional government during the first revolution of February 1917 (March in the Gregorian calendar; the older Julian calendar was in use in Russia at the time).

Answer: Option B
Explanation : Feudalism is not a salient features of the renaissance age. Feudalism was a combination of legal and military customs in medieval Europe that flourished between the 9th and 15th centuries. Broadly defined, it was a way of structuring society around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labour.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : The Great Wall of China was built by the three kingdoms and was rebuilt by at least six dynasties Emperor Qin Shihuang of the Qin Dynasty was the first emperor Unit the Great Wall of China.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : Germany invaded western Europe in May 1940. In the six weeks from 10 May 1940, German forces defeated Allied forces by mobile operations and conquered France, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands, bringing land operations on the Western Front to an end until 6 June 1944. Italy entered the war on 10 June 1940 and invaded France over the Alps.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : Anti-Semitism means prejudice a from of racism or hatred against Jews, just because of their Jewish heritage. Nazi leader Hitler was anti-semitic and considered jews as inferior and threat to Aryans.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics of Soviet Union dissolved into fifteen separate countries in December 1991.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : By the end of nineteenth century Britain emerged as the biggest colonial power. About one fifth of the world’s land and one quarter of world’s population came under the control of the British Empire.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : Elected in 1960 as the 35th president of the United States, 43-year-old John F. Kennedy became the youngest man and the first Roman Catholic to hold that office.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : King John met the barons on June 15, 1215 at Runnymede, a neutral site just west of London. Here the barons demanded that King John sign a document called the Magna Carta guaranteeing them certain rights.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : Ernesto Guevara de la Serna, known worldwide as Che, was born on June 14, 1928, into a middle-class family in Rosario, northeast Argentina. He had a left-leaning, and literary, family life before beginning his studies in medicine at Buenos Aires University in 1948.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : Olympic games were first held in 776 BC by the Greeks in honour of God Zeus at Mount Olympus in Greece.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : The Japanese invasion of Manchuria began on 19 September 1931, when the Kwantung Army of the Empire of Japan invaded Manchuria immediately following the Mukden Incident. After the war, the Japanese established the puppet state of Manchukuo.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : The city was captured in 1204 setting up the Latin Empire of Constantinople. The diversion of the Fourth Crusade from the Holy Land to attack, capture, and pillage the Byzantine city of Constantinople divided and dissipated the efforts of the Christians to maintain the war against the Muslims.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : Ho Chi Minh was the communist leader and former Prime Minister of Vietnam. He headed the independence movement of Vietnam. In the late 1950s, Ho Chi Minh organized a communist guerrilla movement in the South, called the Viet Cong.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : The Battle of Kosovo took place on 15 June 1389[A] between an army led by the Serbian Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović and an invading army of the Ottoman Empire under the command of Sultan Murad Hüdavendigâr.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : The first glasses were invented in Italy in the late 13th century. Some people date the invention of glasses to 1286, though some estimate put the invention of glasses somewhere between 1268 and 1300.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : As with most other components of the Australian political system, Shadow Cabinet evolved from an informal process in the British Parliament. From the mid-nineteenth century in Britain, a distinct and organised opposition began to emerge; a leadership group to coordinate its strategy soon followed.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : On November 6 and 7, 1917 (or October 24 and 25 on the Julian calendar, which is why the event is often referred to as the October Revolution), leftist revolutionaries led by Bolshevik Party leader Vladimir Lenin launched a nearly bloodless coup d’état against the Duma’s provisional government.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : The Kennedy administration had been publicly embarrassed by the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion in May 1961, which had been launched under President John F.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : Construction began in 447 BC when the Athenian Empire was at the peak of its power. It was completed in 438 BC, although decoration of the building continued until 432 BC. It is the most important surviving building of Classical Greece, generally considered the zenith of the Doric order.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : When the Saxon-based Ottonian dynasty of emperors died off with the childless Emperor Henry II, Conrad was elected to succeed him as King in 1024 at the age of 34. Conrad founded his own dynasty of rulers, known as the Salian dynasty, which ruled the Holy Roman Empire for over a century.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : The Battle of Zama—fought in 202 BC near Zama —marked the end of the Second Punic War. A Roman army led by Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, with crucial support from Numidian leader Masinissa, defeated the Carthaginian army led by Hannibal.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : Christopher Columbus discovered America in 1492. Columbus led his three ships – the Nina, the Pinta and the Santa Maria – out of the Spanish port of Palos on August 3, 1492. His objective was to sail west until he reached Asia (the Indies) where the riches of gold, pearls and spice awaited.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : Marxian materialism came from the idea of Feuerbach. The Ludwig Feuerbach had rejected. Hegel’s idealestic philosophy and advocated materialism.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : Porus fought against Alexander the Great in the Battle of the Hydaspes (326 BC), thought to be fought at the site of modern-day Mong, Punjab, which is now part of the modern country of Pakistan. After the defeat and arrest of Porus in the war, Alexander asked Porus how he would like to be treated.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : The period of the French Revolution (5 sep, 1793 – 27 july, 1794) is referred as ‘Reign of Terror’, ‘The Terror’ and ‘French La Terreur’ French lawyer and politician Maximilian Robespierre played a prominent role during the French Revoulution.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : The history of modern Turkey begins with the foundation of the republic on October 29, 1923, with Kemal as its first president. The government was formed from the Ankara-based revolutionary group, led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and his colleagues.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : Lord Morely described the Prime Minister ‘Primus inter pares’ (first among equal).

Answer: Option C
Explanation : The dynasty started when Henry Tudor defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field. This was the final stage of the Wars of the Roses and made him Henry VII, king of England.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : The Ninety-five Theses or Disputation on the Power of Indulgences is a list of propositions for an academic disputation written in 1517 by Martin Luther, professor of moral theology at the University of Wittenberg, Germany.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : Thomas Jefferson (April 13, 1743 – July 4, 1826) was an American statesman, diplomat, architect, and Founding Father who served as the third president of the United States from 1801 to 1809. Previously, he had served as the second vice president of the United States from 1797 to 1801. The principal author of the Declaration of Independence, Jefferson was a proponent of democracy, republicanism, and individual rights motivating American colonists to break from the Kingdom of Great Britain and form a new nation; he produced formative documents and decisions at both the state and national level.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : Zend Avesta is the sacred book of the Parsis(Zoroastrianism). It contains the cosmogony, law and liturgy and the teachings of the prophet Zoroaster.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : President Paul von Hindenburg had already appointed Hitler as Chancellor on 30 January 1933 after a series of parliamentary elections and associated backroom intrigues.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : Mao Zedong was Marxist theorist, statesman and soldier who lead the Chinese Communist Party’s revolution from 1935 until his death. The communist party led by Mao established People’s Republic of China on 1st October,1949.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : Treaty of Versailles, peace document signed at the end of World War I by the Allied and associated powers and by Germany in the Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles, France, on June 28, 1919; it took force on January 10, 1920.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : Abel Tasman is officially recognised as the first European to ‘discover’ New Zealand in 1642. His men were the first Europeans to have a confirmed encounter with Māori.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : The USS Panay incident was a Japanese attack on the American gunboat Panay while it was anchored in the Yangtze River outside Nanking (now spelled Nanjing), China on 12 December 1937. Japan and the United States were not at war at the time.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : The 1911 Revolution was a great victory because it overthrew the Qing Dynasty, ended the autocratic monarchy that had ruled China for more than 2,000 years and led to the establishment of the Republic of China. The 1911 Revolution emancipated the minds of the Chinese people.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : Herbert Spencer, an English philosopher had given the quote “The state exists because crime exist in society”, other wise there would be no need of a state.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : The fall of Constantinople was when the Ottoman Empire took over Constantinople, the capital city of the Byzantine Empire, on 29 May 1453. The Ottomans were commanded by 21-year-old Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II, who defeated an army commanded by Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : In Russia, the February Revolution (known as such because of Russia’s use of the Julian calendar) begins on this day in 1917, when riots and strikes over the scarcity of food erupt in Petrograd (now St. Petersburg). By 1917, most Russians had lost faith in the leadership ability of the czarist regime.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : When Emperor Qin Shi Huang ordered construction of the Great Wall around 221 B.C., the labor force that built the wall was made up largely of soldiers and convicts. It is said that as many as 400,000 people died during the wall’s construction; many of these workers were buried within the wall itself.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte quoted “The word impossible is found in the dictionary of fools.”

Answer: Option B
Explanation : “Disputation of Martin Luther and the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences” became the principle catalyst for the coming Protestant Reformation. This became known as the Ninety-Five Theses and was enclosed in a letter protesting indulgences that Luther wrote to Archbishop Albrecht in October of 1517.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : Founded just a year before the Bolshevik Revolution on Oct. 4, 1916, Murmansk was initially named Romanov-on-Murman and was actually the last city established in the Russian Empire.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : Sir Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles, FRS (6 July 1781 – 5 July 1826) was a British statesman, Lieutenant-Governor of the Dutch East Indies (1811–1816) and Lieutenant-Governor of Bencoolen (1818–1824), best known for his founding of Singapore and the British Malaya.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : In 1804, the Holy Roman Emperor Francis II, who was also ruler of the lands of the Habsburg Monarchy, founded the Empire of Austria, in which all his lands were included

Answer: Option D
Explanation : Ahmad Shāh Durrānī (c. 1722 – 16 October 1772) was the founder of the Durrani Empire and is regarded as the founder of the modern state of Afghanistan.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : The Xia Dynasty was the first Chinese Dynasty. The Xia ruled from around 2070 BC to 1600 BC when the Shang Dynasty took control.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : Henry VII (Welsh: Harri Tudur; 28 January 1457 – 21 April 1509) was the King of England and Lord of Ireland from his seizure of the crown on 22 August 1485 to his death on 21 April 1509. He was the first monarch of the House of Tudor.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : RMS Titanic was a British passenger liner that sank in the North Atlantic Ocean in 1912, after colliding with an iceberg during her maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : Mao Zedong was the first to hold the office of State Chairman. He was elected at the founding session of the National People’s Congress in 1955. At the 2nd NPC in 1959, Mao was succeeded by Liu Shaoqi, first Vice Chairman of the Communist Party.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : Thomas Hobbes is considered one of the founder of Modern Political Theory. He advocated the sovereign power of Monarch i.e. a monarch would have unlimited power to rule and punish.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : The Qing Dynasty was the final imperial dynasty in China, lasting from 1644 to 1912. It was an era noted for its initial prosperity and tumultuous final years, and for being only the second time that China was not ruled by the Han people.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : Kant, Fichte, Hegel and Rosenberg are idealist and supposed authority of state.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : The Battle of Waterloo was fought on Sunday, 18 June 1815 near Waterloo in Belgium, part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands at the time. A French army under the command of Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated by two of the armies of the Seventh Coalition: a British-led allied army under the command of the Duke of Wellington, and a Prussian army under the command of Field Marshal Blücher. The battle marked the end of the Napoleonic Wars.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : Louis XVI (23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793), born Louis-Auguste, was the last King of France before the fall of the monarchy during the French Revolution. He was referred to as Citizen Louis Capet during the four months before he was guillotined.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : Genghis Khan died in August 1227, during the fall of Yinchuan, which is the capital of Western Xia. The exact cause of his death remains a mystery, and is variously attributed to being killed in action against the Western Xia, illness, falling from his horse, or wounds sustained in hunting or battle.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : Taoism, is the ancient religion of China. It is an ancient tradition of Philosophy and religious deeply rooted in chinese custom and world view. Dao de Jing (The way of power and virtue scripture) is the main religious text of Taoism.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : Queen Elizabeth I of England belongs to Tudor dynasty. Elizabeth was born in 1533 at Greenwich, England. She was the daughter of King Henry VIII of England and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. She had an older half-sister Mary, and, later, a younger half-brother Edward. Elizabeth was given a good education.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : Bastille was a fortress in Paris, it was the most hated symbol of Monarchy and was used as the prison to held political prisoners on 14 July, 1789, Revolution arise steamed Bastille. The fall of Bastille was the flash point of the French Revolution.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : The first human spaceflight was launched by the Soviet Union on 12 April 1961 as a part of the Vostok program, with cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin aboard. Humans have been continuously present in space for 18 years and 121 days on the International Space Station.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : John Muin a Scottish – American naturalist considered the cabinet system is the steering wheel of the ship of state.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : Synagogue is a community house of worship in Judaism. The synagogue is the Jewish place of worship, but is also used as a place to study, and often as a community centre as well.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : Belgium declared its independence from the Netherlands, and it was recognized in 1831 as a separate nation. For several years the Greeks had been fighting for their independence from the Ottoman Empire, and in 1832 the European powers recognized Greece as an independent sovereign state.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : The national divinity of the Greeks, Apollo has been variously recognized as a god of music, truth and prophecy, healing, the sun and light, plague, poetry, and more. Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto, and has a twin sister, the chaste huntress Artemis.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : Nauru is the world’s smallest republic. It has an area of 21 sq. km only and 10,084 residents.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : It was the first of three famous English successes during the conflict, followed by Poitiers in 1356 and Agincourt in 1415. The battle was fought on 26 August 1346 near Crécy, in northern France.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : In the Battle of Plassey 1757, Nawab of Bengal surrendered his dominions to the Company. Company was granted the diwani, or the right to collect revenue, in Bengal and Biharin 1765.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : According to communism capitalist class is the chief enemy of the society.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : China started the civil services examination in 605 A.D. They established the system of chinese imperial examination to select the candidates for the state bureaucracy.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : The office was created in the North German Confederation in 1867, when Otto von Bismarck became the first Chancellor. With the unification of Germany and establishment of the German Empire in 1871, the Confederation evolved into a German nation-state and the office became known as the Chancellor of Germany.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : Benjamin Silliman Sr had been the first person to use the process of fractional distillation, and, in 1854, Benjamin Silliman Jr became the first person to fractionate petroleum by distillation.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : The Seljuk empire was founded by Tughril Beg (1016–1063) in 1037. From their homelands near the Aral Sea, the Seljuks advanced first into Khorasan and then into mainland Persia, before eventually conquering eastern Anatolia.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : The Fabian society was the socialist that was founded in 1884. The society was established with its aim of establishing democratic socialist state in Great Britain.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : The long 19th century is a term coined for the period between the years 1789 and 1914 by Russian literary critic and author Ilya Ehrenburg and British Marxist historian and author Eric Hobsbawm.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : Alcuin is also called Ealhwine, Albinus or Flaccus. He was an English scholar, ecclesiastic, poet and teacher from York.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : Edward Albert calls him “The earliest of the great moderns” Chaucer stands at the end of the Middle ages and the beginning of the modern age. He has been called “The Morning Star of the Renaissance ” His poetry reflects the medieval spirit. It also reflects the Italian Renaissance.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : The National Emblem of Italy is White Lily.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : Abyssinia crisis resulted from the ongoing conflict between the Kingdom of Italy and the Empire of Ethiopia. It ended in 1937.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : By 1291 all the crusader states had been captured or forced from the mainland. In 1261 the Byzantines recaptured Constantinople and re-established the Byzantine Empire.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : Voltaire was once asked what he thought about the Holy Roman Empire. His witty response was that “it is neither holy, nor Roman nor empire.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : John Adams (1735-1826) was a leader of the American Revolution, and served as the second U.S. president from 1797 to 1801. He then served a term as the nation’s second president. He was defeated for another term by Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826).

Answer: Option C
Explanation : The Wailing wall, Jerusalem is the holy site of Jews. It derived its name from Arabic term el- Mabka which means “place of weeping”.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : The kingdom between the Rhine and Rhone rivers was created in 843. A kingdom between the Rhine and Rhone rivers was created for Lothair by the Treaty of Verdun. It was first of the treaties that divided the Carolingian Empire into three kingdoms.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : Since 1945, Ho Chi Minh became a prime minister and president of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam).

Answer: Option B
Explanation : Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, GCVO, CSM, PC is a member of the British royal family. She is the second wife of Charles, Prince of Wales, heir apparent to the British throne. Instead of using the title Princess of Wales, she uses the title Duchess of Cornwall, her husband’s secondary designation.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : Augustus; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14 was a Roman statesman and military leader who was the first Emperor of the Roman Empire, controlling Imperial Rome from 27 BC until his death in AD 14.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : During the final stage of World War II, the United States detonated two nuclear weapons over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9, 1945, respectively.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : The Battle of the Hydaspes was fought in 326 BC between Alexander the Great and King Porus of the Paurava kingdom on the banks of the river Jhelum (known to the Greeks as Hydaspes) in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent (modern-day Punjab, Pakistan).

Answer: Option A
Explanation : The National Diet is Japan’s bicameral legislature. It is composed of a lower house called the House of Representatives, and an upper house, called the House of Councillors. Both houses of the Diet are directly elected under parallel voting systems.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : A study of the ‘Social Contract Theory’ as given by John Locke in his famous book Two Treatises on Civil Government (1690) wherein he emphasizes on ‘Law’ to be an expression of the will of the people.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : ‘Mein Kampf is a 1925 autobiographical book by Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler. The work describes the process by which Hitler became antisemitic and outlines his political ideology and future plans for Germany.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : The Communist Manifesto (originally Manifesto of the Communist Party) is an 1848 political pamphlet by the German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : Egyptologists believe the pyramid was built as a tomb for the Fourth Dynasty Egyptian pharaoh Khufu (often Hellenized as “Cheops”) and was constructed over a 20-year period. Khufu’s vizier, Hemiunu (also called Hemon) is believed by some to be the architect of the Great Pyramid.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (22 April 1870 – 21 January 1924), better known by the alias Lenin, was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He Died in 21 January 1924.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : The former Dutch colony emerged as the independent Republic of Indonesia in the 1950s, while East Timor remained under Portuguese control until 1975. While 90% of Indonesians are Muslim, the East Timorese are primarily Roman Catholic, a result of Portugese influence.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : Nicholas II or Nikolai II, known as Saint Nicholas the Passion-Bearer in the Russian Orthodox Church, was the last Emperor of Russia, ruling from 1 November 1894 until his forced abdication on 15 March 1917.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : The Last Supper is a late 15th-century mural painting by Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci housed by the refectory of the Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan, Italy. It is one of the western world’s most recognizable paintings.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : The Emperor of Japan is the head of the Imperial Family and the head of state of Japan. Under the 1947 constitution, he is defined as “the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people.” Historically, he was also the highest authority of the Shinto religion.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : Napoleon said “Spanish ulcer was the cause of my ruin”.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : The title of the painting, which is known in English as Mona Lisa, comes from a description by Renaissance art historian Giorgio Vasari, who wrote “Leonardo undertook to paint, for Francesco del Giocondo, the portrait of Mona Lisa, his wife.”

Answer: Option C
Explanation : The Storming of the Bastille took place in Paris, France on July 14, 1789. This violent attack on the government by the people of France signaled the start of the French Revolution. The Bastille was a fortress built in the late 1300s to protect Paris during the Hundred Years’ War.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : The Three Emperors’ League, or Dreikaiserbund, was part of the diplomatic web created by Otto Bismarck (1815–1898) to keep France isolated. An initial agreement between Alexander II of Russia, William I of Prussia, and Francis-Joseph of Austria-Hungary was reached in September 1873.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : League of Nation was estalibished in 1920 at the end of first world war as a result of Paris Peace Conference. The League of Nations was an international organization, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, created after the First World War to provide a forum for resolving international disputes.

Answer: Option C
Explanation : The words of Abraham Lincoln to honour the soldiers that sacrificed their lives in order “that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth” were spoken at Gettysburg, but these words apply as well to the countless soldiers that died for the cause of democracy in the following 150 years.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : Coalition under the command of British Field Marshall Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington, defeated Napoleon Bonaparte’s Imperial French Army at the Battle of Waterloo, Belgium.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : Alexandria is believed to have been founded by Alexander the Great in April 331 BC as Alexandreia. Alexander’s chief architect for the project was Dinocrates. Alexandria was intended to supersede Naucratis as a Hellenistic center in Egypt, and to be the link between Greece and the rich Nile valley.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : Karl Marx (German: 5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist and socialist revolutionary. Born in Trier, Germany, Marx studied law and philosophy at university. He married Jenny Von Westphalen in 1843.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : Lewis Paul was the original inventor of roller spinning, the basis of the water frame for spinning cotton in a cotton mill.

Answer: Option B
Explanation : Liberty, equality, fraternity. They cannot be treated separately or weighed one against the other. Liberty among unequals is an oxymoron.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : Company rule in India (sometimes, Company Raj, “raj”, lit. “rule” in Hindustani) refers to the rule or dominion of the British East India Company over parts of the Indian subcontinent. This is variously taken to have commenced in 1757, after the Battle of Plassey, when Mir Jafar, the new Nawab of Bengal enthroned by Robert Clive, became a puppet in the Company’s hands; in 1765, when the Company was granted the diwani, or the right to collect revenue, in Bengal and Bihar; or in 1773, when the Company established a capital in Calcutta, appointed its first Governor-General, Warren Hastings, and became directly involved in governance.

Answer: Option D
Explanation : Stoicism is a school of Hellenistic philosophy founded by Zeno of Citium in Athens in the early 3rd century BC. While Stoic physics are largely drawn from the teachings of the philosopher Heraclitus, they are heavily influenced by certain teachings of Socrates.

Answer: Option A
Explanation : Saint Boniface help to shape the German church by Preaching against divorce, incest, and polygamy.