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NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science Geography Chapter 4 Climate

Textbook Exercises

Question 1.
Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below:

(i) Which one of the following places receives the highest rainfall in the world
(a) Silchar
(b) Mawsyi train
(c) Chefrapunji
(d) (Guahati)
Answer:
(c) Chefrapunji

(ii) The wind blowing in the northern plains in summers is known as:
(a) Kalbaisakhi
(b) Loo
(c) Mountain
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(b) Loo

(iii) Which one of the following causes rainfall during the winters in north-western part of India.
(a) Cyclonic depression
(b) Rdtrating Monsoon
(c) Western disturbances
(d) S.W. Monsoon
Answer:
(d) S.W. Monsoon

(iv) Monsoon arrives in India approximately in:
(a) early May
(b) early July
(c) early June
(d) early August
Answer:
(c) early June

(v) Which one of the following tihcrac-terises the cold-weather season in India?
(a) Warm days and warm nights
(b) Warm days and cold nights
(c) Cool days and cold nights
(d) Cold days and warm nights
Answer:
(c) Cool days and cold nights

Question 2.
Answer the following questions:

(i) What are the factors affecting the climate of India?
Answer:
The factors affecting the climate of India are as under :

1. Latitude:
The Tropic of Cancer passes through the middle of the country from the Rann of Kuchchh in the west to Mizoram in the east. Almost half of the country,-lying south of the Tropic of Cancer, belongs to the tropical area. All the remaining area, north of the Tropic, is in the ‘sub-tropics. Therefore, India’s climate lias traits of tropical as well as subtropical climates.

2. Altitude:
India has mountains to the north, which have an average height of about 6,000 metres, with the highest peaks (some of them amongst the highest in the world) rising above 8,000 metres above sea level. India also has a vast coastal area where the maximum elevation is about 30 metres. The Himalayas prevent the cold winds from Central Asia from entering the subcontinent. It is because of these mountains- that the subcontinent experiences comparatively milder winters. Also, temperature differences are minimised between die tropical and subtropical India.

3. Pressure and Winds:
The climate and associated weather conditions, in India, are governed by (a) pressure and surface winds, upper air circulation, western disturbances, and tropical cyclones.

The pressure and wind conditions over India are unique. During, winter, there is a high-pressure area north of the Himalayas, Cold dry winds blow from this region to the low-pressure areas over the oceans to the south: In summer, a low-pressure area develops over interior Asia as well as over the region surrounding the Arabian Sea, including northwestern India. This causes a complete reversal of winds during summer. Air moves from the high-pressure area over the southern Indian Ocean, in a south-easterly direction, crosses the equator, and turns right towards the low-pressure areas over the Indian subcontinent. These are known as the South-west Monsoon winds. These winds blow over the warm oceans, gather moisture and bring widespread rainfall over India.

The upper air circulation ia this region is dominated by a westerly flow. An important component of this flow is the jet stream. Jet streams are high velocity winds blowing, through a narrow zone in the upper troposhere. These jet streams are located approximately over 27°- 30° north latitude, therefore, they are known as subtropical westerly jet streams. Over India, the subtropical westerly jet stream blows south of the Himalayas, all through the year except in summer, The western disturbances experienced in the north and north-western parts of the country are brought in by this westerly flow. In summer, the subtropical westerly jet moves north of the Himalayas with the apparent movement of the sun. An easterly jet stream, called the tropical easterly jet blows over peninsular India, approximately at 14°. N during the summer months.

4. Relief:
The Himalayas act as a great barrier and save India from cold winds of Central Asia. On the other hand, the Western Ghats and the Khasi Hills in Meghalaya lie right across the path of the monsoon winds and cause heavy rainfall.

5. Location:
Being surrounded by the Arabian Sea, the Indian Ocean, and the Bay of Bengal, India gets lots of monsoon winds. On the other hand, the desert area causes much heat.

The climate of India in fact is also influenced by the climatic conditions over the rest of Asia.

(ii) Why does India have a monsoon type of climate?
Answer:
India has a monssoon type of climate because it is strongly governed by the monsoon winds.

(iii) Which part of India does experience the highest divemal range of temperature and why?
Answer:
The Thar Desert experiences the highest diverual range of temperature due to its location.

(iv) Which winds do not account for rainfall along the Malabar coast and the Coronomdal coast?
Answer:
The south-west monsoon winds do not account for rainfall along the Malabar coast and the Coromondal coast.

(v) What are Jet streams And how do they affect the climate of India?
Answer:
The Jet streams are a narrow belt of high attitude (above 12000 m) westerly winds in the troposphere. Their speed varies from summer to winter. As it helps decrease temperature, it affects climate.

(vi) Define monsoons. What do you understand by ‘break’ monsoon?
Answer:
‘Monsoon’ word has been derived from the Arabic word ‘Mausam’ meaning season. ‘Monsoon’ is generally used to refer to indicate the rain-bearing winds which reverse their direction with the change of the season and blow” throughout the Indian sub-continent, specially‘during the summer season.

By ‘breade’ of the monsoon means the sudden approach of the moisture laden winds associated with violent thunder and lighting.

(vii) Why is the monsoon considered a unifying bard?
Answer:
The unifying influence of the monsoon on the Indian subcontinent is quite perceptible. The seasonal alteration of the wind systems and the associated weather conditions provide a rhythmic cycle of seasons. Even the uncertainties of rain arid uneven distribution are very much typical of the monsoons. The
Indian landscape, its animal and plant life, its entire agricultural calendar and the life of the people, including their festivities, revolve around this phenomenon. Year after year, people of India from north to south and from east to west, eagerly await the arrival of the monsoon. It is another matter as to how much rain it brings.

Question 3.
Valley of Kulu is more popular with the tourists? Why?
Answer:
The valley of Kulu is more popular with the tourists due to its favourable weather conditions.

Question 4.
Why does the rainfull decrease from east to west in the northern India?
Answer:
The rainfall .decreases from east, to the west in the northern India because of the seasonal contrasts in the interior of the country.

Question 5.
Give reasons as to why :
(i) Seasonal reversal of wind direction takes place over the Indian subcontient.
Answer:
Seasonal reversal of wind direction takes place over,the Indian sub-continent, because in summer land gets more heated than water, it forms a low pressure over the interior landmass of Asia. Air gets to start moving from the high pressure area located over Indian ocean in the South to the low pressure areas of the North; Hence a complete reversal occurs in the wind direction.

(ii) The bulk of rainfall in. India is concentrated over a few months.
Answer:
The climate of India is known as ‘ monsoon climate. The monsoon winds arrive the June. These monsoon winds are divided into two parts and remain, upto the month of September. It is the reason that the bulk of rainfall in our country is concentrated over a few month. •

(iii) The Tamil Nadu coast receives’ winter rainfall.
Answer:
Tamil Nadu coast receives rainfall in winter because of the following reasons:
In the winter season, the northern monsoon pickup moisture while crossing the Bay of Bengal. While returning in November, they cause rainfall in Tamil Nadu.

(iv) The deltas of the Godavari, the Krishna, and the Kaveri are frequently struck by cyclones.
Answer:
The Godavari, the Krishna, and the Kaveri are frequently struck by cyclones because the low pressure conditions are transferred to the Bay of Bengal by early November. This shift is associated with occurrence of cyclonic depressions originating over the Andaman sea. These are very destructive cyclones which cause great damage in these areas,

(v) Parts of Rajasthan, Gujarat, and the leeward side of the Western Ghats are drought prone.
Answer:
Part of Rajasthan, Gujrat, and the leeward side of the Western Ghats are drought-prone because these areas get very little rainfall.

Question 6.
Describe the regional variations in the climatic condition of India with the help of suitable examples.
Answer:
The climate, of India, is mainly described as monsoon climate. However, it has lots of regional variations. These are the following:
1. Parts of Western Ghats and the Northern-Eastern parts of India receive more than 400 cm. of annual rainfall.

On the other hand, Rajasthan, Gujarat, leeward area of Western Ghats, and parts of Tamil Nadu receive only less them 40 cm. of rainfall.

There are areas even getting less than 20 cm. of precipitation. While there are parts with moderate rainfall.

2. Temperature also differs from part to part. For example, in the summer season temperature in day time at Jaislmer may cross 50°C. While in a winter night temperature may fall at—45°C in Drass.

3. The parts of India like the penirtsular region does not have a well defined cold-weather season. In fact in these areas, there is hardly any seasonal change in the distribution pattern of temperature because of the influence of the sea. Hence it is absolutely clear that there are lots of regional variations in the climatic condition of India.

Question 7.
Discuss the mechanism of monsoons.
Answer:
The monsoons are meant by the rainbearing seasonal winds blowing throughout the Indian sub-continent especially during the summer season.
Though the phenomenon of the monsoon is very old, yet its true nature could have been derived recently. The meteorologists have found out a seesaw in relationship between the meteorological changes going on over the Pacific and the Indian Ocean.

Whenever high pressure is created in the sub-tropical region of the Pacific Ocean, it tends to be low. This Well known fact causes the shifting of winds across the Equator in different directions. The shifting of winds across the Equator has the great bearing on. the monsoons. The monsoon winds are confined to tropical lands living between 20° N to 20°S latitudes. The Indian sub-continent, however having the Himalayan ranges, bring the whole sub-continent under the sway of the moist-bearing winds for two to five months roughly between May to October.

India, in fact is dependent on the monsoons of its 75%-90% rains.

It is the reason of the saying, “India would have been an and land if there had been no phenomena of monsoons.”

Question 8.
Give an account of weather conditions and characteristics of cold reason.
Answer:
The cold weather season begins from mid-November in northern India and stays till February. December and January are the coldest, months. The temperature decreases from south to the north. The average temperature of Chennai, on the eastern coast, is between 24°-25° Celsius, while m the northern plains, it ranges between 10°-15° Celsius. Days are warm and nights are cold. Frost is common in the north and the higher slopes of the Himalayas experience snowfall. During this season, the northeast trade winds prevail over the country. They blow from land to sea and hence, for the most part of the country, it is a dry season. Some amount of rainfall occurs on the Tamil Nadu coast from these winds as here, they blow from sea to land. In the northern part of the country, a feeble high-pressure region develops, with light winds moving outwards from this area. Influenced by the relief, these winds blow through the Ganga valley from the west and the northwest The weather is normally fine, marked by clear sky, low temperatures and low humidity, and feeble variable winds.

A characteristic feature of the cold weather season over the northern plains is the inflow of depressions from the west and the northwest. These low-pressure systems, called the ‘Western Disturbances’, originate over the Mediterranean Sea and western Asia and move into India, along with the westerly flow. They cause the much-needed winter rains over the plains and snowfall in the mountains. Although the total amount of winter rainfall ‘mahawat’ is small, they are of immense importance for the cultivation of ‘rabi’ crops.

The peninsular region does not have a well-defined cold season. There is hardly any noticeable seasonal change in temperature pattern due to the influence of the sea.

Question 9.
Give the characteristics and effects of the monsoon rainfall in India.
Answer:
Monsoon is very, important phenomena for the climate of India. In fact, India would have been an arid land if there had been no phenomena of the monsoon.
Monsoons can be divided in the following types.

Except the east coast, of Tamil Nadu, the rest of India receives much of its rainf all in the summer by the Summer Monsoons.

The Summer Monsoons:
These are also known as the South-West Monsoons. During the summer months-March-May, the temperature rises steadily. Because of it low pressure is developed in early June, this low-pressure trough is intense enough to attract even the south-east Trade winds from south of the Equator. These winds are laden; with, moistures and are defected inland as south-westerly winds. These winds are very strong and in about a month this time overrun almost the entire country.

Nearly 90% of the rain in India comes from the monsoons which are called summer Monsoons.

The Deccan peninsula divides these monsoons into two breaches—
1. The Arabean Sea Branch,
2. The Bay of Bengal Branch.

The Arabian Sea Branch:
These monsoons strike the Western ghats and cause heavy rains in Konkar and Malabar. These monsoons become comparatively dry when they reaches the Deccan plateau and Madhya Pradesh.

The other branch of the Arabian Sea Monsoons passes over west Rajasthan and the Aravalli Hills. The monsoons are quite weak here. The Aravallis lie parallel to the direction of these monsoons. Hence, Rajasthan as a whole and especially the Thar desert receives little rain.”

Being very far away from the Bay of Bengal; the Thar desert does not get rain from the monsoons coming from that side.

On the other hand, in the Western. Himalayas in the Himachal Pradesh hills, these winds are joined by the Bay of Bengal Winds and cause heavy rains in these areas.

The Bay of Bengal Mqnsoons:
One of the branches of the Bay of Bengal Monsoons strikes the Assam Hills, and move-towards Meghalaya and Assam. It brings very heavy rainfall over these areas.

Mawsynram in Meghalaya receives the highest rainfall in the world.

The other branch of these Monsoons goes Westward along the Fiimalayas, iipto the Ganga Valley. By this time it reaches the plains of Punjab. This part is comparatively dry.

The rainfall decreases as it moves westward side of the Ganga valley.

This is the reason that Kolkata receives 120 cm of rainfall while Delhi gets only 56 cms.

The Winter Monsoons:
These monsoons are also known as the NorthrEast Monsoons. These winds blow from the land towards the sea, so they generally bring no rain. Yet they pick up some moisture while passing over the Bay of Bengal. Hence these winds bring heavy rains along the coromondal coast.

This is the reason that Tamil Nadu receives most of its annual rain in winter. That is mainly from November to March.

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science Geography Chapter 4 Climate.

The Mughal Empire Class 7 Questions and Answers History Chapter 4

Class 7 History Chapter 4 NCERT Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Match the following-

Mansab	Marwar
Mongol	Governor
Sisodiya Rajput	Uzbeg
Rathor Rajput	Mewar
NurJahan	Rank
Subadar	Jahangir

Answer:

Mansab	Rank
Mongol	Uzbeg
Sisodiya Rajput	Marwar
Rathor Rajput	Mewar
NurJahan	Jahangir
Subadar	Governor

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks-
1. The capital of Mirza Hakim, Akbar’s half-brother, was …………………
2. The five Deccan Sultanates were Berar, Khandesh, Ahmadnagar ……………… and ………………..
3. If zat determined a manasabdar’s rank and salary, sawar indicated his ……………………..
4. Abul Fazl, Akbar’s friend and Counsellor, helped him frame the idea of ……………….. so that he could govern a society composed of many religions, cultures and castes.
Answer:
1. Kandhar
2. Bijapur and Golconda
3. Cavalry men (The horse rider he kept to render military service)
4. Sulh-i-kul.

Question 3.
What were the Central provinces under the control of the Mughals?
Answer:
Delhi, Fatehpur Sikari, and Agra were directly under the control of Mughal emperor. Expect these to run administration efficiently he also appointed Governors. Provinces of Deccan were also under their direct control. There was separation of power in Mughal empire, but all the decisions were taken under the supervision of the Emperor.

Question 4.
What was the relationship between the mansabdar and the Jagir?
Answer:
The term mansabdar refers to an individual who help the mansab, meaning a rank or a position. Those person who joined the Mughal service were enrolled as mansabdars, while the Jagirs were the salaries received by the mansabdar as revenue assignments. The mansabdar did not actually reside in or administer their Jagir. They had only right to the revenue of their assignments which were collected by the servants while they served in other part of the country.

Question 5.
What was the role of the Zamindar in Mughal administration?
Answer:
The Mughal used the term Zamindar to describes all intermediaries, whether they were local headmen of villages or a powerful chiefaints.

In some parts of the Mughal empire, they commanded a great deal of power. The exploitation of the Mughal administrators to drive them to rebellion. Sometimes they and the peasant of the same of class allied together to rebelling against Mughal authority. Their revolts challenged the stability of the Mughal empire from the end of the 17th century.

Question 6.
How were the debates with religious scholars important in the formation of Akbar’s ideas on governance?
Answer:
At Fatehpur Sikri in 1570s, Akbar called the meeting of the all the religious head. Ulema, Brahamans, Jesuit Priests and Zoroastrians were those who participated in this meeting held at Ibdatkhana. After a long discussion, their teaching created a division and disharmony amongst his subjects. It eventually led the idea of Sulh-i-Kul. This tolerant idea did not discriminate between people of various castes and focused on a system of ethics such as peace, justice and honesty Abul Fazal helped him in forming a vision governance around the idea of Sulh-i-Kul. The principle of governance was also followed by Jahangir and Shahjahan.

Question 7.
Why did the Mughal emphasise their Timurid and not their Mongol descent?
Answer:
Mughal underline their Timurid descent not their Mongol descent because they were proud of their Timurid ancestry who had captured Delhi in 1398. They celebrate their genealogy pictorially each ruler getting a picture made of Timur and himself.

Question 8.
How important was the income from land revenue to the stability of the Mughal Empire?
Answer:
During Akbar’s reign the land revenue system was flawful. The chief sardars and Jagirdars used to grab the major amount of land revenue. Only a small amount was deposited in the royal treasury. Land revenue was an important source of income for the government but it was also inadequate in meeting the public expenditure. The landlords led a luxurious life while the life of the peasants was pitiable.

Akbar knew that his treasury will remain empty if no reforms are done in the land revenue system. As land revenue was a major source of income for the government. With the help of Todar Mai who had made many land reforms during Sher Shah’s period, Akbar introduced many land reforms. He classified land according to its fertility and fixed (Imposed) revenue according to it.

Thus, the income from land revenue helped a lot to the stability of Mughal Empire.

Question 9.
Why was it important for the Mughals to recruit mansabdars from diverse backgrounds and not just Tutanis and Iranis?
Answer:
The term mansabdar refers to an individual who holds a mansab, meaning a position or rank. As the empire expanded to encompass different regions the Mughals recruited diverse bodies of people. Only Tutanis and Iranis were not sufficient to hold position at different regions. For this reason, mansabdars were included from Indian Muslims, Afghans, Rajputs, Marathas and other groups.

Question 10.
Like the Mughal Empire India today is also made up of many social and cultural units. Does the pose a challenge to natural integration?
Answer:
As in the past, during the Mughal period society was composed of many castes. Even today, society is also composed of many castes, sub-castes, social and cultural units. This can not pose a challenge to natural integration because.

1. Our constitution clearly mentions no discrimination on the basis of caste, religion sex etc.
2. All religions are equally respected in our country.
3. Special privileges are also given to the weaker section of the society for their upliftment.

Question 11.
Peasants were vital for the economy of the Mughal Empire. Do you think that they are as important today ? Has the gap in the income believe the rich and the poor in India changed a great deal for the period of the Mughals?
Answer:
To some extent peasants are vital for the economy. Now-a-days with the development of industrialisations and technology, the country’s economy depends on these factors rather than peasants. Yes, the gap in the income between the rich and the poor in India has changed a great deal from the period of the Mughal. Today the elite rich are extremely rich. On the other hand, the poor (in villages) can not afford two proper meals a day.

Question 12.
The Mughal Empire left its impact on the different regions of the subcontinent in a variety of ways. Find out if it had any impact in the city, village a region in which you live.
Answer:
We do find the impact of the Mughal Empire in different region of the subcontinent. For example, the impact of the message “sult-i-kul” (universal peace) in still found in many cities, village, regions, etc.

NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science

Who doesn’t know Swami Vivekananda and if you don’t then one must assume that you have been living under the rock for many years. Life, personality and contribution of Swami Vivekananda on not just the Indian society but the world in general is enormous and it becomes at most important for a civil service aspirant, whether it’s UPSC or state civil services, to learn the life history of Swami Vivekananda and abide by his values to build a just and a fair society.

In this particular article on notes on Swami Vivekananda in English for UPSC preparation, we have divided the article into three sections which cover the background of Swami Vivekananda, the contributions of Swami Vivekananda and important notes in terms of UPSC exam point of view on Swami Vivekananda.

Before we move ahead into making notes on Swami Vivekananda we advise students to go through at least 15 years of past year question papers from the Union Public Service Commission civil services exam, both prelims and mains paper and also to refer question papers from other competitive exams such as banking PO SSC and state civil service exams, so that one gets an idea on the type of questions asked with respect to Swami Vivekananda.

Who is Swami Vivekananda- The background

1. Swami Vivekananda to be put it in simple terms is an Indian monk coming from the Hindu religious sect.
2. Swami Vivekananda was born in the capital city of West Bengal Kolkata on 12th January in the year 1863.
3. The full name of Swami Vivekananda is Narendra Nath Datta.
4. Swami Vivekanand is popularly known for propagating values that he imbibed from his Guru Ramakrishna Paramahamsa who also was an Indian mystic.
5. The writings and speeches that were propagated by Swami Vivekananda through his Belur Math in Howrah District were widely popular in and outside India that helped spread peace and harmony in the society.
6. While Swami Vivekananda established many mathas in and outside the country, but one of the most important is Belur Math in the small town of Belur in the Howrah district of West Bengal.
7. He founded Ramakrishna Mission in the year 1897, the basis of which was to spread worldwide spiritual moment which was popularly known across the world as Ramakrishna movement or the Vedanta movement.
8. Although Swami Vivekananda was a devotee of his Guru, Ramakrishna Paramahamsa, Swami Vivekananda was Western-educated and was well versed with philosophies from the west and has ample amount of social and scientific knowledge that he obtained through his education.
9. Swami Vivekananda was an ardent reader of the sacred texts of Hinduism and Vedas. He made his life’s mission and purpose to spread the values that were mentioned in Vedas and believe in service rather than dogma.
10. Ramakrishna ideal that was propagated by Swami Vivekananda has relevance even in the 21st century.

Contributions of Swami Vivekananda- From UPSC point of view

Following are the important contributions made by Swami Vivekananda and most of these contributions were asked in the past year question papers, not just in UPSC but in other competitive exams as well.

1. The Indian values that are mentioned in our Vedas including the philosophies of Vedas and yoga were introduced by Swami Vivekananda for the first time to the Western world.
2. Although Swami Vivekananda was a great writer and he is mainly known for what he did in the field of social service in India and across the world.
3. Swami Vivekananda was a free thinker and he always embraced the critical aspects of the Vedas and Indian philosophy in that sense he so passionately propagated the same to the Western world.
4. Although Swami Vivekanand is known as an Indian Hindu monk, he encouraged debates between different faiths and religions so that the mental horizon of people are expanded as much as possible. We believed in the right to disagree and dissent.
5. According to Swami Vivekanand, the awakening of masses based on ideas of spiritualism and development of moral, mental and physical strength are the most important pillars to develop a strong nationalistic sentiment among the general masses. This idea was extremely important especially during the ride against British rule, which required undivided unity among the Indian masses.
6. Swami Vivekananda founded the Belur Math which is termed as a place of Heritage and national importance by the former President of India Dr APJ Abdul Kalam. It is mostly famous for propagating religious unity and values of peace and spirituality in society.
7. Although Swami Vivekanand tried to propagate Hindu religious values across the west, he was not blindly superstitious in his beliefs. He was against certain beliefs that made more damage to society than good, whether it’s in the Hindu or other religions.
8. He believed that youth are the ones who were capable of solving the impending societal problems at that point in time such as colonial oppression, social injustice, inequality and discrimination in the society.
9. Swami Vivekananda played an important role in India’s freedom struggle against the British and he and the math he founded contributed significantly to the rise of the national Independence movement along with the Indian National Congress and various stakeholders at that point in time.
10. He was a strong believer in science and urged the people of India to use science to eliminate the societal and caste system in India and to promote industrialisation thereby proving that his ideals were far ahead of his time.

Important topics to remember about Swami Vivekananda- From the perspective of UPSC CSE Prelims

The following are the important topics, questions and facts that an aspirant needs to remember that could be asked in prelims or Mains examination of UPSC CSE.

1. Life history
2. Contribution to society
3. Contribution to the Indian freedom struggle
4. History of Indian Mystics
5. History of Howrah and Belur Math
6. Ramakrishna Paramahamsa
7. What is modern Hinduism?
8. The crux of the 1893 speech by Swami Vivekananda in Chicago
9. Importance of spirituality in the Indian society
10. How is Swami Vivekananda’s ideologies relevant in 21st century India

बाल महाभारत कथा Class 7 MCQs Questions with Answers

Question 1.
महाभारत की रचना किसने की?

Answer

Answer: महाभारत की रचना महर्षि पराशर के कीर्तिमान पुत्र वेद व्यास ने की।

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Question 2.
पांडु की कितनी रानियाँ थीं?

Answer

Answer: पांडू की तीन रानियाँ थीं।

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Question 3.
कुंती एवं माद्री के पुत्रों के नाम लिखिए।

Answer

Answer: कुंती ने, युधिष्ठिर, भीम, व अर्जुन को जन्म दिया। नकुल व सहदेव की माँ माद्री थी।

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Question 4.
धृतराष्ट्र के कितने पुत्र थे? उनके बड़े पुत्र का नाम लिखिए।

Answer

Answer: धृतराष्ट्र के सौ पुत्र थे, जो कौरव कहलाए। उनके सबसे बड़े पुत्र का नाम दुर्योधन था।

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Question 5.
कौरवों व पांडवों को कहाँ का राज्य मिला था?

Answer

Answer: संधि के अनुसार कौरव हस्तिनापुर के राजा बने और पांडवों को इंद्रप्रस्थ (वर्तमान दिल्ली) का राज्य मिला था।

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Question 6.
पांडु के साथ उनकी कौन-सी रानी सती हुई थी?

Answer

Answer: पांडु के साथ उनकी छोटी रानी माद्री सती हुई।

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Question 7.
पांडवों के बाद राज्य का उत्तराधिकारी कौन बना?

Answer

Answer: पांडवों के बाद राज्य का उत्तराधिकारी उनका पोता परीक्षित बना।

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Question 8.
नदी के किनारे पर खडी कन्या कौन थी?

Answer

Answer: नदी के किनारे खड़ी कन्या गंगा थी।

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Question 9.
शांतनु के सामने पत्नी बनने के लिए गंगा ने क्या शर्त रखी थी?

Answer

Answer: गंगा ने पत्नी बनने के लिए राजा शांतनु से शर्त रखी थी कि मैं कुछ भी करूँ, आप मुझसे कुछ नहीं कहेंगे।

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Question 10.
अपने पुत्रों को नदी की धारा में बहाने के बाद गंगा कहाँ जाती थी?

Answer

Answer: अपने पुत्रों को नदी की धारा में बहाने के बाद गंगा हँसती-मुसकराती हुई शांतनु के महल में आ जाती थी।

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Question 11.
राजा शांतनु गंगा के द्वारा अपनी संतान को नदी के धारा में बहाते हुए देखकर भी कुछ क्यों नहीं बोल पाते थे?

Answer

Answer: राजा शांतनु गंगा को संतान को नदी की धारा में बहाते हुए देखकर भी कुछ इसलिए नहीं कह पाते थे, क्योंकि वे वचनबद्ध थे।

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Question 12.
सत्यवती को देखकर राजा शांतनु के मन में क्या इच्छा बलबती हो उठी?

Answer

Answer: सत्यवती को देखकर राजा शांतनु के मन में उसे अपनी पत्नी बनाने की इच्छा बलबती हो उठी।

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Question 13.
केवटराज ने सत्यवती के विवाह के लिए क्या शर्त लगाई ?

Answer

Answer: केवटराज ने शर्त लगाई-शांतनु की मृत्यु के बाद सत्यवती का पुत्र ही हस्तिनापुर के राज सिंहासन पर बैठेगा।

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Question 14.
केवटराज की प्रथम शर्त पर देवव्रत ने क्या उत्तर दिया।

Answer

Answer: केवटराज की प्रथम शर्त सुनकर देवव्रत ने कहा- मैं वचन देता हूँ कि मेरे पिता के बाद सत्यवती का पुत्र ही राजा बनेगा।

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Question 15.
चित्रांगद कौन था?

Answer

Answer: चित्रांगद सत्यवती का बड़ा लड़का था।

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Question 16.
चित्रांगद की मृत्यु कैसे हुई।

Answer

Answer: चित्रांगद वीर और स्वार्थी प्रकृति का व्यक्ति था। उसकी मृत्यु गंधर्वो के साथ युद्ध में हुई थी।

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Question 17.
विदुर कौन थे?

Answer

Answer: विदुर विचित्र वीर्य की रानी अंबालिका की दासी के पुत्र थे।

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Question 18.
विदुर किस स्वभाव के व्यक्ति थे?

Answer

Answer: विदुर धर्मशास्त्र एवं राजनीति के पंडित थे। इनमें इनका अथाह ज्ञान था। वे क्रोध एवं अभिमान से दूर रहते थे।

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Question 19.
विदुर का पहला नाम क्या था?

Answer

Answer: विदुर का पहला नाम धर्मदेव था।

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Question 20.
सूरसेन कौन थे?

Answer

Answer: सूरसेन यदुवंश के लोकप्रिय राजा और श्रीकृष्ण के पितामह थे।

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Question 21.
पृथा किसकी बेटी थी?

Answer

Answer: पृथा यदुवंश के प्रसिद्ध राजा सूरसेन की पुत्री थी।

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Question 22.
धर्मदेव का जन्म किसकी कोख से हुआ था?

Answer

Answer: धर्मदेव का जन्म विचित्रवीर्य की रानी अंबालिका की दासी की कोख से हुआ था।

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Question 23.
कर्ण का पालन-पोषण किसने किया था?

Answer

Answer: कर्ण का लालन-पालन अधिरथ नाम के सारथी ने किया था।

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Question 24.
धृतराष्ट्र ने विदुर को क्या बनाया?

Answer

Answer: धृतराष्ट्र ने विदुर को अपना प्रधानमंत्री बनाया।

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Question 25.
पांडु के पत्नियों का नाम बताएँ।

Answer

Answer: पांडु की दो पत्नियाँ थीं – कुंती व माद्री।

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Question 26.
दुर्योधन भीम से ईर्ष्या क्यों करता था?

Answer

Answer: दुर्योधन भीम से ईर्ष्या इसलिए करता था, क्योंकि भीम दुर्योधन से अधिक ताकतवर था।

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Question 27.
पांडव कितने भाई थे? उनके नाम बताइए।

Answer

Answer: पांडव पाँच भाई थे- युधिष्ठिर, भीम, अर्जुन, नकुल और सहदेव।

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Question 28.
धृतराष्ट्र के कितने पुत्र थे? वे क्या कहलाते थे?

Answer

Answer: धृतराष्ट्र के सौ पुत्र थे। वे कौरव कहलाते थे।

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Question 29.
कौरव-पांडव किससे अस्त्र विद्या सीखने लगे।

Answer

Answer: कौरव-पांडव कृपाचार्य से अस्त्र-विद्या सीखने लगे।

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Question 30.
भीम को मारने के लिए कौरवों ने क्या फ़ैसला किया?

Answer

Answer: भीम को मारने के लिए कौरवों ने गंगा में डूबो कर मारने का फैसला किया।

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Question 31.
भीम पर विष का क्या असर हुआ?

Answer

Answer: भीम को बेहोशी आ गई और वह गंगा के किनारे गिर पड़ा।

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Question 32.
पांडवों और कुंती की खुशी का कारण क्या था?

Answer

Answer: भीम झूमता-झामता जिंदा चला आ रहा था। अतः उसे देखकर पांडवों और कुंती को काफ़ी प्रसन्नता हुई।

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Question 33.
कंती ने अपनी चिंता किसके सामने प्रकट की?

Answer

Answer: कुंती ने अपनी चिंता विदुर के सामने प्रकट की।

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Question 34.
पांडवों ने किन-किन गुरुओं से अस्त्र-शस्त्र की शिक्षा पाई ?

Answer

Answer: पांडवों ने पहले कृपाचार्य से और बाद में द्रोणाचार्य से शिक्षा पाई थी।

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Question 35.
क्या देखकर दुर्योधन का मन ईर्ष्या-द्वेष से जलने लगा?

Answer

Answer: अर्जुन की धनुष विद्या का कमाल और चतुरता देखकर दुर्योधन का मन ईर्ष्या और द्वेष से जलने लगा।

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Question 36.
कर्ण को लाचार देखकर दुर्योधन ने उसके लिए क्या किया?

Answer

Answer: दुर्योधन ने कर्ण को अपने पितामह और धृतराष्ट्र की अनुमति से कर्ण को अंग देश का राजा बना दिया।

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Question 37.
आचार्य द्रोण कौन थे?

Answer

Answer: आचार्य द्रोण महर्षि भारद्वाज के पुत्र थे।

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Question 38.
उनकी किसके साथ गहरी मित्रता थी?

Answer

Answer: द्रुपद और द्रोण में गहरी मित्रता थी।

Question 39.
द्रोणाचार्य का किसके साथ विवाह हुआ था?

Answer

Answer: द्रोणाचार्य का विवाह कृपाचार्य की बहन के साथ हुआ था।

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Question 40.
परशुराम अपनी संपत्ति गरीब ब्राह्मणों को दान में क्यों दे रहे थे?

Answer

Answer: वन-गमन के उद्देश्य से परशुराम अपनी सारी संपत्ति गरीबों में बाँट रहे थे।

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Question 41.
शिक्षा पूरी होने पर द्रोण ने अर्जुन से गुरु-दक्षिणा में क्या माँगा?

Answer

Answer: शिक्षा पूरी होने पर द्रोण ने अर्जुन से गुरु दक्षिणा के रूप में पांचाल-राज को कैद कर लाने के लिए कहा।

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Question 42.
द्रुपद ने द्रोण के साथ कैसा व्यवहार किया?

Answer

Answer: द्रुपद ने सत्ता के मद में द्रोण का अपमान किया।

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Question 43.
द्रुपद के पुत्र व पुत्री के नाम बताएँ?

Answer

Answer: पुत्र का नाम धृष्टद्युम्न तथा पुत्री का नाम द्रौपदी था।

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Question 44.
दुर्योधन की ईर्ष्या क्यों बढ़ती जा रही थी?

Answer

Answer: भीम की शारीरिक शक्ति और अर्जुन की युद्धकला को देखकर दुर्योधन की ईर्ष्या दिन-प्रतिदिन बढ़ती जा रही थी।

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Question 45.
दुर्योधन को कुमंत्रणा कौन-कौन दे रहे थे?

Answer

Answer: पांडवों का विनाश करने के लिए मामा शकुनि तथा कर्ण दुर्योधन को कुमंत्रणा दे रहे थे।

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Question 46.
धृतराष्ट्र का स्वभाव कैसा था?

Answer

Answer: यद्यपि धृतराष्ट्र बुद्धिमान थे पर वे दृढ़ निश्चयी नहीं थे।

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Question 47.
पुरोचन पांडवों को कहाँ ले गए?

Answer

Answer: पुरोचन पांडवों को लाख से बने भवन में ले गए।

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Question 48.
वारणावत को जाते समय विदुर ने युधिष्ठिर को किस प्रकार सावधान किया?

Answer

Answer: वारणावत जाते समय विदुर ने युधिष्ठिर को दुर्योधन के षड्यंत्र तथा उससे बचने का उपाय गूढ भाषा में अवगत करवाकर सचेत कर दिया था।

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Question 49.
विदुर द्वारा भेजे गए व्यक्ति ने भवन के अंदर क्या किया?

Answer

Answer: विदुर द्वारा भेजे गए व्यक्ति ने भवन के अंदर एक सुरंग बना दी जिससे पांडव बाहर निकल सकें।

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Question 50.
पांडव एकचक्रा नगरी में किस रूप में जीवन व्यतीत कर रहे थे?

Answer

Answer: पांडव एकचक्रा नगरी में ब्राह्मणों के रूप में जीवन व्यतीत कर रहे थे।

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Question 51.
किसके स्वयंवर की तैयारियाँ होने लगी?

Answer

Answer: पांचाल नरेश की पुत्री द्रौपदी के स्वयंवर की तैयारियाँ होने लगी।

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Question 52.
पंचाल देश में पांडव किस तरह रहते थे?

Answer

Answer: पंचाल देश में पांडव ब्राह्मणों के वेश में रहते थे।

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Question 53.
पांडव कहाँ रहकर कैसे गुज़र करने लगे?

Answer

Answer: पांडव अपनी माता कुंती के साथ एक चक्रानगरी में भिक्षा माँगकर गुज़र करने लगे।

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Question 54.
कर्ण ने दुर्योधन को क्या सुझाव दिया?

Answer

Answer: कर्ण ने दुर्योधन को सुझाव दिया कि- पांडवों की शक्ति बढ़ने से पहले ही उन पर आक्रमण कर दिया जाए।

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Question 55.
भीष्म ने धृतराष्ट्र को क्या सुझाव दिया?

Answer

Answer: भीष्म ने धृतराष्ट्र को सुझाव दिया कि पांडवों के साथ संधि करके आधा राज्य उन्हें वापस दे दिया जाए।

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Question 56.
महाराज द्रुपद की शर्त किसने पूरी की?

Answer

Answer: महाराज द्रुपद की शर्त अर्जुन ने पूरी की।

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Question 57.
विदुर को पांचाल देश क्यों भेजा गया?

Answer

Answer: पांडवों को द्रौपदी और कुंती के साथ आदर सहित हस्तिनापुर लाने के लिए विदुर को भेजा गया।

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Question 58.
पांडवों की राजधानी का क्या नाम था?

Answer

Answer: पांडवों की राजधानी का नाम इंद्रप्रस्थ था।

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Question 59.
धृष्टद्युम्न ने कुम्हार की कुटिया में क्या देखा?

Answer

Answer: धृष्टद्युम्न ने कुम्हार की कुटिया में पाँचों पांडवों को तथा अग्निशिखा की भाँति एक तेजस्वी देवी अर्थात् कुंती को देखा।

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Question 60.
जरासंध कौन था?

Answer

Answer: जरासंध मगध देश का राजा था, और कंस उसका दामाद था।

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Question 61.
नियम के अनुसार, राजसूय यज्ञ कौन करने का अधिकारी होता था?

Answer

Answer: जो संपूर्ण संसार में राजाओं में पूज्य हो, वह राजा ही राजसूय यज्ञ कर सकता था।

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Question 62.
राजसूय यज्ञ करने की इच्छा से युधिष्ठिर ने किससे सलाह ली।

Answer

Answer: राजसूय करने की इच्छा से युधिष्ठिर ने श्रीकृष्ण से सलाह ली।

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Question 63.
जरासंध का वध किसने किया?

Answer

Answer: जरासंध का वध भीम ने किया।

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Question 64.
राजसूय यज्ञ में किसकी अग्रपूजा की गई?

Answer

Answer: राजसूय यज्ञ में श्रीकृष्ण की अग्रपूजा की गई।

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Question 65.
श्रीकृष्ण, अर्जुन और भीम किस रूप में जरासंध के पास पहुँचे?

Answer

Answer: वे ब्राह्मण के व्रती लोगों का वेश बनाकर जरासंध के पास पहुंचे।

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Question 66.
श्रीकृष्ण की अग्रपूजा का विरोध किसने किया?

Answer

Answer: श्रीकृष्ण की अग्रपूजा का विरोध शिशुपाल ने किया।

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Question 67.
राजसूय संपन्न होने के बाद किसे राजाधिराज की पदवी मिली।

Answer

Answer: राजसूय यज्ञ समाप्त होने के बाद युधिष्ठिर को राजाधिराज की पदवी प्राप्त हुई।

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Question 68.
युधिष्ठिर की बात पांडव भाइयों को कैसी लगी?

Answer

Answer: युधिष्ठिर की बात उसके भाइयों को औचित्यपूर्ण लगी।

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Question 69.
पांडव राजसूय कर रहे हैं? यह जानकर दुर्योधन को कैसा लगा?

Answer

Answer: पांडवों द्वारा राजसूय यज्ञ करना दुर्योधन को अच्छा नहीं लगा।

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Question 70.
शकुनि ने धृतराष्ट्र को किस चीज़ के लिए बाध्य किया?

Answer

Answer: पांडवों को चौसर खेल में बुलाने के लिए शकुनि ने धृतराष्ट्र को बाध्य किया।

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Question 71.
विदुर पांडवों के पास किस चीज़ का निमंत्रण देने गए थे?

Answer

Answer: हस्तिनापुर में चौसर के खेल में भाग लेने के लिए विदुर पांडवों के पास निमंत्रण देने गए थे।

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Question 72.
दुर्योधन ने चौसर में अपनी जगह किसे खिलाया।

Answer

Answer: दुर्योधन ने चौसर में अपनी जगह मामा शकुनि को खेलाया।

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Question 73.
राजवंशों की नीति के अनुसार खेल का नियम क्या है?

Answer

Answer: राजवंशों की नीति के अनुसार किसी खेल के लिए निमंत्रण को अस्वीकार नहीं किया जाता था।

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Question 74.
अंत में शकुनि ने युधिष्ठिर को किसे दाँव पर लगाने के लिए कहा?

Answer

Answer: अंत में शकुनि ने द्रौपदी को दाँव पर लगाने के लिए कहा।

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Question 75.
दुर्योधन ने दुःशासन को क्या आदेश दिया?

Answer

Answer: दुर्योधन ने दुःशासन से कहा यह सारथी भीम से भयभीत लगता है तुम्ही जाकर उस अभिमानी द्रौपदी को उठाकर ले आओ।

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Question 76.
धृतराष्ट्र का कौन-सा पुत्र द्रौपदी को दाँव पर लगाने की बात पर संतप्त हो उठा?

Answer

Answer: धृतराष्ट्र का छोटा पुत्र युयुत्सु संतप्त हो उठा।

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Question 77.
दुर्योधन ने विदुर को क्या आदेश दिया?

Answer

Answer: दुर्योधन ने विदुर को कहा आप तुरंत रनिवास में जाएँ और द्रौपदी को यहाँ लाएँ।

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Question 78.
धृतराष्ट्र ने पांडवों को कैसे शांत किया?

Answer

Answer: धृतराष्ट्र ने पांडवों को जुए में हारा राज्य व संपत्ति लौटाकर पांडवों को शांत किया।

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Question 79.
धृतराष्ट्र की विनती पर पांडवों ने क्या किया?

Answer

Answer: धृतराष्ट्र की विनती पर पांडव द्रौपदी तथा कुंती के साथ इंद्रप्रस्थ चले गए।

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Question 80.
दूसरी बार खेल में हारने के बाद युधिष्ठिर ने क्या किया?

Answer

Answer: दूसरी बार खेल में हारने के बाद पांडव अपनी शर्त के अनुसार वन में चले गए।

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Question 81.
जब पांडव वन की ओर जाने लगे तब धृतराष्ट्र ने विदुर को बुलाकर क्या पूछा?

Answer

Answer: धृतराष्ट्र ने विदुर से पूछा पांडु के बेटे और द्रौपदी कैसे वन की ओर जा रहे हैं।

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Question 82.
विदुर ने द्रौपदी की दशा के बारे में क्या बताया?

Answer

Answer: विदुर ने बताया कि द्रौपदी ने बालों को बिखेरकर मुँह ढक रखा है और रोती हुई जा रही है।

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Question 83.
महर्षि मैत्रेय की युधिष्ठिर से भेंट कहाँ हुई?

Answer

Answer: महर्षि मैत्रेय की युधिष्ठिर से भेंट काम्यक वन में हुई।

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Question 84.
पांडवों से मिलने श्रीकृष्ण के साथ वन में कौन-कौन आए थे?

Answer

Answer: पांडवों से मिलने श्रीकृष्ण के साथ कैकेय भोज और वृष्टि जाति के लोग, चेदिराज धृष्टकेतु आदि वन गए थे।

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Question 85.
भीम को बगीचे के बीच कौन लेटा मिला?

Answer

Answer: भीम को बगीचे के बीच एक विशालकाय बंदर रास्ता रोककर लेटा हुआ मिला।

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Question 86.
बंदर ने अपनी क्या असमर्थता जताई?

Answer

Answer: बंदर ने असमर्थता जताते हुए कहा-“मैं बूढ़ा हूँ मुश्किल से उठ-बैठ सकता हूँ।”

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Question 87.
दुर्योधन की चापलूसी कौन करते थे?

Answer

Answer: कर्ण और शकुनी दुर्योधन की चापलूसी करते थे।

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Question 88.
चौपायों की गणना का काम किसका होता था?

Answer

Answer: चौपायों की गणना का काम राजकुमारों का होता था।

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Question 89.
दुर्योधन के डेरे का स्थान पांडवों के आश्रम से कितनी दूरी पर था?

Answer

Answer: दुर्योधन के डेरे का स्थान पांडवों के आश्रम से चार कोस दूरी पर था।

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Question 90.
आश्रम के समीप जलाशय के तट पर और किसने डेरा डाल रखा था?

Answer

Answer: आश्रम के निकट जलाशय के तट पर गंधर्वराज चित्रसेन ने अपना डेरा डाल रखा था।

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Question 91.
जलाशय के समीप किस-किसमें युद्ध हुआ?

Answer

Answer: जलाशय के समीप गंधर्वराज चित्रसेन और कौरवों की सेनाओं में युद्ध हुआ। इसमें कर्ण और दुर्योधन पराजित हो गए।

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Question 92.
युधिष्ठिर ने नकुल से पेड़ पर चढ़कर क्या देखने को कहा?

Answer

Answer: नकुल ने पेड़ पर चढ़कर कोई जलाशय या नदी देखने को कहा।

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Question 93.
युधिष्ठिर ने सबसे पहले पानी लाने किसे भेजा?

Answer

Answer: युधिष्ठिर ने सबसे पहले पानी लाने के लिए नकुल को भेजा।

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Question 94.
पानी पीने के बाद चारों भाइयों के साथ क्या घटना घटी?

Answer

Answer: पानी पीने के बाद चारों भाई मूर्च्छित होकर गिए गए।

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Question 95.
युधिष्ठिर कहाँ जा पहुँचे?

Answer

Answer: युधिष्ठिर उसी विषैले सरोवर के समीप जा पहुँचे जहाँ उनके चारों भाई मृत अवस्था में पड़े थे।

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Question 96.
यक्ष की बात मानकर युधिष्ठिर ने क्या कहा?

Answer

Answer: यक्ष की बात मानकर युधिष्ठिर बोले- आप प्रश्न पूछ सकते हैं।

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Question 97.
यक्ष के प्रश्न कि मनुष्य का साथ कौन देता है? का उत्तर युधिष्ठिर ने क्या दिया?

Answer

Answer: धैर्य

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Question 98.
विदेश जाने वाले का साथी कौन होता है? का उत्तर युधिष्ठिर ने क्या दिया?

Answer

Answer: विदया।

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Question 99.
यक्ष ने युधिष्ठिर से कितने प्रश्न किए।

Answer

Answer: यक्ष ने युधिष्ठिर से पंद्रह प्रश्न किए।

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Question 100.
घास से भी छोटी वस्तु किसे बताया गया है?

Answer

Answer: चिंता को।

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Question 101.
विराट के दरबार में युधिष्ठिर को कौन-सा काम सौंपा गया था?

Answer

Answer: कंक के नाम से विराट के दरबारी बन गए और राजा के साथ चौपर खेलकर दिन बिताने लगे।

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Question 102.
भीम को क्या काम मिला?

Answer

Answer: भीम को रोसइयों का मुखिया बनाया गया। वे बल्लभ के रूप में काम करने लगे।

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Question 103.
कीचक का वध किसने किया?

Answer

Answer: कीचक का वध भीम ने किया।

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Question 104.
सुशर्मा को किस ओर आक्रमण करने की जिम्मेदारी दी गई?

Answer

Answer: सुशर्मा को मत्स्य राज्य पर दक्षिण की ओर से आक्रमण करने की जिम्मेदारी दी गई।

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Question 105.
अर्जुन ने राजकुमार का हौसला बढ़ाते हुए क्या कहा?

Answer

Answer: अर्जुन ने राजकुमार उत्तर का हिम्मत बढ़ाते हुए कहा कि राजकुमार! घबराओ नहीं। तुम सिर्फ घोड़ों की रास सँभालो।

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Question 106.
भीष्म ने दुर्योधन के समय के बारे में क्या बताया?

Answer

Answer: भीष्म ने बताया कि प्रतिज्ञा का समय कल ही पूर्ण हो चुका है।

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Question 107.
क्या बात सुनकर विराट चौंक पड़े?

Answer

Answer: जब राजा विराट को पता चला कि राजकुमार उत्तर कौरवों से लड़ने गए हैं तो वे चौंक पड़े।

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Question 108.
अर्जुन ने किन-किन महारथियों को हराया?

Answer

Answer: अर्जुन ने कर्ण, द्रोणाचार्य, अश्वत्थामा तथा दुर्योधन जैसे महारथियों को हराया।

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Question 109.
तेरहवाँ वर्ष पूरा होने पर पांडव जाकर कहाँ रहने लगे?

Answer

Answer: तेरहवाँ वर्ष पूरा होने के बाद पांडव विराट की राजधानी छोड़कर उपप्लव्य नगर में रहने लगे।

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Question 110.
सर्वप्रथम वहाँ क्या कार्य सम्पन्न हुआ।

Answer

Answer: सर्वप्रथम वहाँ अभिमन्यु के साथ उत्तरा का विवाह हुआ।

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Question 111.
श्रीकृष्ण ने संधि के लिए क्या तरीका सुझाया?

Answer

Answer: श्रीकृष्ण ने दुर्योधन के पास एक व्यक्ति को दूत बनाकर भेजने का सुझाव बताया।

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Question 112.
पितामह भीष्म ने दुर्योधन को क्या बात समझाई ?

Answer

Answer: पितामह भीष्म ने दुर्योधन को समझाया कि प्रतिज्ञा का समय कल पूरा हो चुका है। तुम्हारी गणना में कुछ भूल हुई है।

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Question 113.
श्रीकृष्ण ने हस्तिनापुर दूत भेजने का काम किसे सौंपा?

Answer

Answer: श्रीकृष्ण ने हस्तिनापुर दूत भेजने का काम द्रुपदराज को सौंपा।

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Question 114.
श्रीकृष्ण ने पहले किसे देखा?

Answer

Answer: श्रीकृष्ण ने पहले अर्जुन को देखा।

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Question 115.
उपप्लव्य में रहकर पांडवों ने कितनी सेना इकट्ठी की?

Answer

Answer: उपप्लव्य में रहकर पांडवों ने अपने मित्र शासकों को संदेश भेजकर उनकी मदद से कोई सात अक्षौहिणी सेना इकट्ठी कर ली।

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Question 116.
युधिष्ठिर की तरफ़ से कौन दूत बनकर धृतराष्ट्र की सभा में गए?

Answer

Answer: पंचाल नरेश के पुरोहित युधिष्ठिर के दूत बनकर हस्तिनापुर गए।

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Question 117.
युधिष्ठिर ने धृतराष्ट्र के पास क्या संदेश भेजा?

Answer

Answer: युधिष्ठिर ने धृतराष्ट्र के पास संदेश भेजा कि पांडव संधि के अनुसार अपना हिस्सा चाहते हैं।

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Question 118.
धृतराष्ट्र ने किसे अपना दूत बनाकर पांडवों के पास भेजा?

Answer

Answer: धृतराष्ट्र ने संजय को दूत बनाकर पांडवों के पास भेजा।

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Question 119.
श्रीकृष्ण किस उद्देश्य से हस्तिनापुर गए थे?

Answer

Answer: श्रीकृष्ण शांति वार्तालाप करने के उद्देश्य से हस्तिनापुर गए थे।

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Question 120.
दुःशासन का भवन कैसा था?

Answer

Answer: दुःशासन का भवन दुर्योधन के भवन से अधिक ऊँचा और सुंदर था।

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Question 121.
रास्ते में श्रीकृष्ण ने कहाँ रात का विश्राम किया?

Answer

Answer: रास्ते में श्रीकृष्ण ने कुशस्थल नामक स्थान पर एक रात को विश्राम किया।

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Question 122.
भीष्म के सेनापति बनने पर कर्ण ने क्या निर्णय लिया?

Answer

Answer: कर्ण ने निर्णय लिया कि भीष्म के मारे जाने के बाद वह युद्धभूमि में प्रवेश करेगा और केवल अर्जुन को ही मारेगा।

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Question 123.
कौरवों के सेनापति कौन थे?

Answer

Answer: कौरवों के सेनापति पितामह भीष्म थे।

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Question 124.
पांडव की सेना को कितने हिस्सों में बाँटा गया?

Answer

Answer: पांडवों की सेना को सात हिस्सों में बाँटा गया।

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Question 125.
कौरव सेना के पहले सेनापति कौन बने?

Answer

Answer: कौरव सेना के पहले सेनापति भीष्म पितामह बने।

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Question 126.
अर्जुन के भ्रम को दूर करने के लिए श्रीकृष्ण ने युद्ध के मैदान में क्या किया?

Answer

Answer: अर्जुन के भ्रम को दूर करने के लिए श्रीकृष्ण ने युद्ध क्षेत्र में कर्म योग का उपदेश दिया।

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Question 127.
भीष्म के नेतृत्व में कौरवों ने कितने दिनों तक युद्ध किया?

Answer

Answer: भीष्म के नेतृत्व में कौरवों ने 10 दिनों तक युद्ध किया।

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Question 128.
पांडवों ने अपनी सेना का सेनापति किसे बनाया?

Answer

Answer: पांडवों ने अपनी सेना का सेनापति कुमार धृष्टद्युम्न को बनाया।

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Question 129.
कर्ण की मृत्यु के बाद कौरवों का सेनापति किसे बनाया गया?

Answer

Answer: कर्ण की मृत्यु के बाद कौरवों ने अपना सेनापति शल्य को बनाया।

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Question 130.
महाभारत का युद्ध कितने दिनों तक चला?

Answer

Answer: महाभारत का युद्ध अठारह दिनों तक चला।

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Question 131.
पहले दिन की लड़ाई के बाद घबराहट में पांडव किसके पास गए?

Answer

Answer: पहले दिन लड़ाई के बाद पांडव घबराहट में श्रीकृष्ण के पास गए।

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Question 132.
कौरवों की सेना में सबसे आगे कौन था?

Answer

Answer: कौरवों की सेना में सबसे आगे दुःशासन था।

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Question 133.
दूसरे दिन युद्ध की व्यूह-रचना किसने की?

Answer

Answer: दूसरे दिन के युद्ध की व्यूह रचना धृष्टद्युम्न ने किया था।

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Question 134.
कौरवों के सेना में तीन वीर कौन थे जो अर्जुन की मुकाबला कर सकते थे।

Answer

Answer: भीष्म, द्रोण और कर्ण ही अर्जुन का मुकाबला कर सकते थे।

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Question 135.
पहले दिन के युद्ध का परिणाम क्या निकला?

Answer

Answer: पहले दिन के युद्ध में पांडव काफ़ी डर गए।

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Question 136.
चौथे दिन की लड़ाई में कौन मारा गया?

Answer

Answer: चौथे दिन के युद्ध में शल्य का पुत्र एवं दुर्योधन के आठ भाई मारे गए।

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Question 137.
भीम का पुत्र कौन था?

Answer

Answer: भीम का पुत्र घटोत्कच था।

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Question 138.
पाँचवें दिन के युद्ध की क्या विशेषता रही?

Answer

Answer: पाँचवें दिन के युद्ध में अर्जुन ने कौरवों के हजारों सैनिक मारे ।

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Question 139.
कुरुक्षेत्र मैदान में का आँखों देखा हाल धृतराष्ट्र को कौन सुनाता था?

Answer

Answer: कुरुक्षेत्र के युद्ध मैदान का आँखों देखा हाल धृतराष्ट्र को संजय सुनाता था।

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Question 140.
सातवें दिन के युद्ध की क्या विशेषता थी?

Answer

Answer: सातवें दिन के युद्ध की यह विशेषता थी कि वह एक स्थान पर केंद्रित न रहकर अनेक मोर्चों पर लड़ा जा रहा था।

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Question 141.
सातवें दिन के युद्ध में किसकी मृत्यु हुई?

Answer

Answer: सातवें दिन के युद्ध में कुमार शंख की मृत्यु हुई।

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Question 142.
आठवें दिन के युद्ध में भीम ने क्या किया?

Answer

Answer: आठवें दिन युद्ध में भीम ने धृतराष्ट्र के आठ बेटों को मार गिराया।

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Question 143.
आठवें दिन के युद्ध में अर्जुन का कौन-सा पुत्र मारा गया?

Answer

Answer: आठवें दिन अर्जुन का वीर पुत्र इरावान, जो नागकन्या से पैदा हुआ था, उसका वध हो गया।

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Question 144.
दसवें दिन के युद्ध में अर्जुन ने किसकी आड़ लेकर किस पर तीर बरसाए?

Answer

Answer: अर्जुन ने शिखंडी की आड़ लेकर भीष्म पितामह पर तीर बरसाए।

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Question 145.
भीष्म ने अर्जुन पर क्या चलाया?

Answer

Answer: भीष्म ने अर्जुन पर शक्ति अस्त्र चलाया।

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Question 146.
भीष्म का शरीर भूमि से क्यों नहीं लगा?

Answer

Answer: भीष्म के सारे शरीर से बाण प्रवेश किए हए थे, अतः भीष्म का शरीर बाणों पर टिककर भूमि से ऊपर ही अड़ा रहा।

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Question 147.
भीष्म ने अपना शरीर कब त्यागा?

Answer

Answer: भीष्म ने शरीर त्यागने का उचित समय सूर्य नारायण के उत्तरायण होने पर था।

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Question 148.
भीष्म के बाद किसे सेनापति बनाया गया?

Answer

Answer: भीष्म के बाद द्रोणाचार्य को सेनापति बनाया गया।

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Question 149.
दुर्योधन ने अर्जुन को युद्ध क्षेत्र से दूर ले जाने का निर्णय क्यों किया?

Answer

Answer: दुर्योधन ने अर्जुन को रण क्षेत्र से दूर ले जाने का निर्णय इसलिए किया ताकि युधिष्ठिर को बंदी बना सके।

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Question 150.
बारहवें दिन युद्ध में क्या अफवाह फैल गई?

Answer

Answer: बारहवें दिन के युद्ध में यह अफवाह फैल गई कि भगदत्त के हाथी ने भीम को मार गिराया।

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Question 151.
अर्जुन उस समय कहाँ किससे लड़ रहा था?

Answer

Answer: अर्जुन उस समय दूर जाकर संशप्तकों से लड़ रहा था।

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Question 152.
अर्जुन ने भगदत्त का क्या हाल कर दिया?

Answer

Answer: अर्जुन ने भगदत्त के नाजुक स्थानों पर बाण चला कर उन्हें बेध डाला, उसकी रेशमी पट्टी काट डाली।

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Question 153.
अर्जुन द्वारा छोड़े गए बाणों से शकुनि के कौन-कौन भाई मारे गए?

Answer

Answer: अर्जुन द्वारा छोड़े गए बाणों से शकुनि के दो भाई कृषक तथा अचक मारे गए।

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Question 154.
तेरहवें दिन किस-किस में युद्ध छिड़ गया?

Answer

Answer: तेरहवें दिन अर्जुन और सशंप्तकों के बीच भयंकर युद्ध छिड़ गया।

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Question 155.
द्रोणाचार्य ने किसकी रचना की?

Answer

Answer: द्रोणाचार्य ने कौरव-सेना से चक्रव्यूह की रचना की।

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Question 156.
अभिमन्यु किसका पुत्र था?

Answer

Answer: अभिमन्यु अर्जुन-सुभद्रा का पुत्र था।

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Question 157.
चक्रव्यूह के बारे में अभिमन्यु क्या जानता था?

Answer

Answer: अभिमन्यु चक्रव्यूह में प्रवेश करना तो जानता था, पर निकलना नहीं जानता था।

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Question 158.
भीम ने अभिमन्यु को क्या विश्वास दिलाया?

Answer

Answer: भीम ने अभिमन्यु को विश्वास दिलाया कि मैं तुम्हारे पीछे चलूँगा तथा साथ में अन्य कई योद्धा होंगे।

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Question 159.
धृष्टद्युम्न ने क्या चलाकी की?

Answer

Answer: धृष्टद्युम्न ने द्रोणाचार्य पर आक्रमण करके जयद्रथ की रक्षा के लिए जाने से रोके रखा।

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Question 160.
सात्यकि पर किसकी सुरक्षा की जिम्मेदारी थी?

Answer

Answer: सात्यकि पर युधिष्ठिर की सुरक्षा की जिम्मेदारी थी।

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Question 161.
आचार्य द्रोण का क्या संकल्प था?

Answer

Answer: उनका संकल्प था युधिष्ठिर को जिंदा पकड़ना।

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Question 162.
अर्जुन ने बाण चलाकर भूरिश्रवा की भुजा क्यों काट दी?

Answer

Answer: क्योंकि सात्यकि अचेत घायल अवस्था में ज़मीन पर गिरा पड़ा था और भूरिश्रवा उस पर वार करने के लिए उद्यत था।

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Question 163.
किस बालक के वध पर कौरवों ने विजयोत्सव मनाया था?

Answer

Answer: अभिमन्यु के वध पर कौरवों ने विजयोत्सव मनाया था।

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Question 164.
जयद्रथ का कटा सिर कहाँ जाकर गिर?

Answer

Answer: जयद्रथ का कटा सिर उसके वृद्ध पिता वृद्धक्षत्र की गोद में जाकर गिरा।

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Question 165.
द्रोण की मृत्यु के बाद कौरवों का सेनापति कौन बना?

Answer

Answer: द्रोण की मृत्यु के बाद कौरवों का सेनापति कर्ण बना।

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Question 166.
दुःशासन को किसने और कैसे मारा?

Answer

Answer: दुःशासन को भीम ने मारा। भीम ने एक ही धक्के में उसे ज़मीन पर गिरा दिया और उसका एक-एक अंग तोड़-मरोड़ डाला।

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Question 167.
भीम का डरावना रूप देखकर कौन कॉपने लगा।

Answer

Answer: भीम का डरावना रूप देखकर कर्ण का शरीर थर-थर काँपने लगा।

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Question 168.
कर्ण किस बात से घबरा गया?

Answer

Answer: जब कर्ण के रथ का बाईं ओर का पहिया धरती में धंस गया, तब कर्ण घबरा गया।

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Question 169.
महाराज शल्य की मृत्यु किसके हाथों हुई?

Answer

Answer: महाराज शल्य की मृत्यु युधिष्ठिर के हाथों हुई।

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Question 170.
शकुनि का वध किसने किया?

Answer

Answer: शकुनि का वध सहदेव ने किया।

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Question 171.
अश्वत्थामा ने घायल दुर्योधन के सामने क्या प्रतिज्ञा ली?

Answer

Answer: अश्वत्थामा ने जलाशय के पास घायल दुर्योधन के सामने प्रतिज्ञा की कि वह आज ही रात पांडवों को बरबाद करके रहेगा।

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Question 172.
अश्वत्थामा के मस्तिष्क से क्या बात नहीं निकल पा रही थी?

Answer

Answer: उसके पिता द्रोणाचार्य को मारने के लिए पांडवों ने जो कुचक्र रचा, वह अश्वत्थामा के मस्तिष्क से नहीं निकल पा रहा था।

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Question 173.
कृपाचार्य ने किस बात को अधर्म बताया?

Answer

Answer: कृपाचार्य ने सोते हुए व्यक्ति को मारने को अधर्म बताया।

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Question 174.
विलाप करती द्रौपदी ने पांडवों से क्या कहा?

Answer

Answer: शोक विह्वल द्रौपदी युधिष्ठिर के पास आकर कातर स्वर में बोली- इस पापी अश्वत्थामा का वध अवश्य किया जाए।

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Question 175.
अश्वत्थामा को किसने पराजित किया?

Answer

Answer: अश्वत्थामा को भीम ने पराजित किया।

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Question 176.
उत्तरा कौन थी? उसके पुत्र का क्या नाम था?

Answer

Answer: उत्तरा अभिमन्यु की पत्नी थी। उसके पुत्र का नाम परीक्षित था, जो पांडवों के वंश का एक मात्र चिह्न बच गया था।

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Question 177.
धृतराष्ट्र ने किसको अपने पास बुलाया?

Answer

Answer: धृतराष्ट्र ने भीम को अपने पास बुलाया।

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Question 178.
धृतराष्ट्र युधिष्ठिर से किस बात की अनुमति चाहते थे?

Answer

Answer: धृतराष्ट्र युधिष्ठिर से जंगल जाकर तपस्या करने की अनुमति चाहते थे।

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Question 179.
राज सँभालने से पूर्व युधिष्ठिर युद्धभूमि क्यों गए?

Answer

Answer: शासन सूत्र सँभालने से पहले युधिष्ठिर युद्धभूमि में शर-शय्या पर पड़े, भीष्म पितामह से आशीर्वाद लेने गए।

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Question 180.
युधिष्ठिर ने अपने भाइयों को क्या आज्ञा दे रखी थी?

Answer

Answer: युधिष्ठिर ने अपने भाइयों को आज्ञा दे रखी थी कि राजा धृतराष्ट्र को किसी तरह का कष्ट न पहुँचने पाए।

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Question 181.
धृतराष्ट्र पांडवों के साथ कैसा व्यवहार करते थे?

Answer

Answer: धृतराष्ट्र पांडवों के साथ स्नेहपूर्ण व्यवहार किया करते थे।

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Question 182.
भीम का व्यवहार धृतराष्ट्र व गांधारी के प्रति कैसा था?

Answer

Answer: भीम सेन धृतराष्ट्र और गांधारी को कभी-कभी ऐसी बातें कह देता था जिससे उनके दिल को ठेस पहुँच जाती थी।

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Question 183.
महाभारत युद्ध के बाद श्रीकृष्ण ने कितने वर्षों तक द्वारिका में शासन किया?

Answer

Answer: महाभारत की समाप्ति के बाद श्रीकृष्ण ने चालीस वर्षों तक द्वारिका में राज्य किया।

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Question 184.
बलराम को अपना शरीर क्यों त्यागना पड़ा?

Answer

Answer: अपने यदुवंश का अंत होते देखकर वे बहुत दुखी हुए, इसलिए उन्होंने वहीं समाधि पर बैठकर अपने शरीर का त्याग कर दिया।

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Question 185.
यदुवंश का पतन क्यों हुआ?

Answer

Answer: आपसी फूट के कारण यदुवंश का नाश हुआ।

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Question 186.
शिकारी ने श्रीकृष्ण को क्या समझाया?

Answer

Answer: शिकारी ने श्रीकृष्ण को दूर से एक हिरन समझा।

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Question 187.
श्रीकृष्ण कहाँ लेटे हए थे?

Answer

Answer: श्रीकृष्ण एक पेड़ के नीचे लेटे हुए थे।

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Colonialism and the City Class 8 Questions and Answers History Chapter 6

History Class 8 Chapter 6 NCERT Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Imagine that you are a young man living in Shahjahanabad in 1700 Based on the description of the area in this chapter write an account of your activities during one day of your life.
Answer:
I am directed to suppose and to do the writing work as instructed in the activity work-Let’s Imagine. I am a young man of twenty years, living in Shahjahanabad in 1700.
1. Aurangzeb is our Emperor. Shahjahanabad is the capital term of the Mughal empire. It is also a trade centre.

2. I used to go to Jama-Masjid daily to offer my Prayer to Allah, at least two times a day. I had to go to colourful world of poetry and dance alone because it was allowed only by men. Women are not allowed to visit colourful world of poetry and dance. I had to avoid celebrations and processions because generally these led to serious conflicts. I generally enjoy Urdu/Persian Culture and poetry and participated in local festivals. I used to go five times daily to offer Namaz in Jama Masjid.

As a resident of the old city, we use to get fresh drinking water to our home. There is an excellent drainage system also. I live in a haveli, which housed many families.

Question 2.
State whether true or false.
1. In the western world, modern cities grew with Industrialisation.
2. Surat and Machlipatnam developed in the nineteenth century.
3. In the twentieth century, the majority of Indians lived in cities.
4. After 1857 no worship was allowed in the Jama Masjid for live years.
5. More money was spent on cleaning Old Delhi than New Delhi.
Answer:
1. True
2. False
3. False
4. True
5. False.

Question 3.
Fill in the blanks :
1. The first structure to successfully use the done was called the …………….. .
2. The two architects who designed New Delhi and Shahjahanabad were …………….. and ………………….. .
3. The British saw overcrowded spaces as ……………………. .
4. In 1888 an extension scheme called the ………………. was devised.
Answer:
1. minor/tomb/rounded roof building.
2. Shahajahan and Edward Lutyens and Henry Baker.
3. Black areas.
4. Lahore Gate Improvement Scheme.

Question 4.
Identify three differences in the city design of New Delhi and Shahj ahanabad.
Answer:
The following differences are identified in the city design of New Delhi and Shahjahanbad :
1. Shahjahanbad (was begun in 1639) was constructed as a fort—palace complex and the city adjoining it. On the other hand, New Delhi was built by the British in twentieth century on a modern planning and pattern. Though in 1803, the British gains control over Delhi after defeating the Marathas but up to 1911 Calcutta remained the capital of British India.

2. The main centre point of Shahjahanbad was Lai Quila or the Red Fort, made of red sand stone, Contained the place complex.
The modern city as we know to New Delhi today developed only after 1911 when Delhi become the capital of British India.

3. To Lai Quila (or the Red Fort) west (side) lay the walled city with 14 gates. On the other hand, before 1857, developments in Delhi were some what different from these in other colonial cities (Madras, Bombay and Calcutta), the living spaces of Indians and the British were sharply separated. Indians lived in the “black areas”. Whereas the British lived in well laid out “white areas”.

Question 5.
Who lived in the “white” areas in cities such as Madras?
Answer:
British and Europeans lived in the “white” areas in the cities such as Madras (New Chennai).

Question 6.
What is meant by de-urbanisation?
Answer:
Meaning of the term de-urbanisation : Decline and decay of the cities is called de-urbanisation. For example, when the three presidency cities of Bombay, Madras and Calcutta where urbanising at the sametime, a host of smaller cities declined. Many towns manufacturing specialised goods declined due to a drop in the demand for what they produced. Old trading centres and ports could not survive when the flow of trade moved to new centres. Similarly, earlier centres of regional power collapsed when local rulers were defeated by the British and new centres of administration emerged. This process is often described as de-urbanisation.

Cities such as Machlipatnam, Surat and Seringapatam were de-urbanised during the nineteenth century. By the early twentieth century only 11 per cent of Indians were living in cities.

The historic imperial city of Delhi become a dusty provincial town in the nineteenth century before it was rebuilt as the capital of British India after 1912.

Question 7.
Why did the British choose to hold a grand Durbar in Delhi although it was not the capital?
Answer:
The reason for holding a grand durbar in Delhi by the British were as follows :
1. The British were fully aware of the symbolic importance of Delhi. After the Revolt of 1857, many spectacular events were held there. In 1877, Viceroy Lytton organised a Durbar to acknowledge Queen Victoria as the Empress of India. Remember that Calcutta was still the capital of British India, but the grand Durbar was being held in Delhi. During the Revolt, the British had realized that the Mughal emperor was still important to the people and they saw him as their leader. It was, therefore, important to celebrate British power with pomp and show in the city where the Mughal emperors had earlier ruled, and the place which had turned into a rebel stronghold in 1857.

2. In 1911, when king George-V was Crowned in England, a Durbar was held in Delhi to celebrate the occasion. The decision to shift the capital of India from Calcutta to Delhi was announced at this Durbar.

Question 8.
How did the old city of Delhi change under British rule?
Answer:
The process of change of the old Delhi under British rule :
1. In 1803, the British gained control of Delhi after defeating the Marathas. Before 1857, developments in Old Delhi were some what different from those in other colonial cities. In Madras, Bombay or Calcutta, the living spaces of Indians and the British were sharply separated. Indians lived in the “black” areas, while the British lived in well-laid-out “white” areas. In Delhi, especially in the first half of the nineteenth century, the British lived along with the wealthier Indians in the walled city.

2. The British learned to enjoy Urdu/Persian Culture and poetry and participated in local festivals. The establishment of the Delhi college in 1792 led to a great intellectual flowering in the sciences as well as the humanities, largely in the Urdu language. Many refer to the period from 1830 to 1857 as a period of the Delhi renaissance.

3. All this changed after 1857. During the Revolt that year, the rebels gathered in the city and persuaded Bahadur Shah to become the leader of the uprising, Delhi remained under rebel control for four months.

4. When the British regained the city, they embarked on a campaign of revenge and plunder. The famous poet Ghalib witnessed the events of the time. This is how he described the ransacking of Delhi in 1857. “When the angry lions (the British) entered the town they killed the helpless and burned houses. Mordes of men and women, commoners and nobleman powered out of Delhi from the three gates and took shelter in small communities and tombs outside the city.”

5. To prevent another rebellion the British exiled Bahadur Shah to Burma (now Myanmar) dismantled his court, razed several of palaces, closed down gardens and built barracks for troops in their places. if) The British wanted Delhi to forget its Mughal past. The area around the fort was completely cleared of gardens, pavilions and mosques (though temples were left intact). The British wanted a clear ground for security reasons.

6. Mosques in particular were either destroyed of put to other uses. For instances, the Zinatal Masjid was converted into a bakery. No worship was allowed in the Jama Masjid for five years. One-third of the city was demolished and its canals were filled up.

7. In the 1870s, the western walls of Shahjahnabad were broken to establish the railway and to allow the city to expand beyond the walls. The British now began living the sprawling civil lines area that came up in the north, away from the Indians in the walled city. The Delhi college was turned into a school and shut down in 1877.

Question 9.
How did the Partition affect life in Delhi?
Answer:
1. Partition affects the life in Delhi :
Population of Delhi swelled—The partition of India in 1947 led to a massive transfer of population on both sides of the new border. As a result, the population of Delhi swelled. The kinds of jobs people did changed and the culture of the city become different.

2. Riots and killings of the People :
Days after Indian Independence and partitions fierce rioting began. Thousands of people in Delhi were killed and their homes hooted and burned. As streams of Muslims left Delhi for Pakistan, their place was taken by equally large numbers of Sikh and Hindus refugees from Pakistan.

3. Muslims went to Pakistan :
Refugees roamed the streets of Shahjahanabad searching for empty homes to occupy. At times they forced Muslims to leave or sell their properties. Over two-thirds of the Delhi Muslims migrated almost 44,000 homes were abandoned. Terrorised Muslims lived in makeshift camps till they could leave for Pakistan.

4. City of Refugees and Camps Lives :
At the same time. Delhi became a City of Refugees. Nearly 500,000 people were added to Delhi’s population (which had a little over 800,00 people in 1951). Most of these migrants were from Punjab. They stayed in camps, schools, military barracks and gardens, hoping to build new homes.

5. Setting of Houses and Construction of New Towns :
Some got the opportunity to occupy residences that had been vacated : others were housed in refugee colonies. New colonies such as Lajpat Nagar and Tilak Nagar come up at this time.

6. Shops, stalls and Schools and Colleges were opened :
Shops and stalls were set up to cater to the demands of the migrants. Schools and Colleges were also opened.

7. Change in Occupations :
The skills and occupations of the refugees were quite different from those of the people they replaced. Many of the Muslims who went to Pakistan were artisans, petty traders and labourers. The new migrants coming to Delhi were rural landlords, lawyers, teachers, traders and small shopkeepers. Partition changed their lives and their occupations. They had to take up new jobs as hawkers, vendars, carpenters and ironsmiths many, however, prospered in their new businesses.

8. Changes in the social milieu of Delhi :
The large migration from Punjab changed the social milieu of Delhi. An urban culture largely based on Urdu was overshadowed by new tastes and sensibilities in food dress and the arts. (isr) Problems of shortage of water supply and disposal of drainage water: In the past, Mughal Delhi’s formed canals had brought not only fresh drinking water to homes, but also water for other domestic uses. This excellent system of water supply, and drainage was neglected in the nineteenth century. The system of wells (or baolis) also broke down and channels to remove household waste (called effluents) were damaged. This was at a time when the population of the city was continuously growing.

Question 10.
Find out the history of the town you live in or of any town nearby. Check when and how it grew, and how it has changed over the years. You could look at the history of the bazaars, the buildings, cultural institutions, and settlements.
Answer:
Hints : Architecture in Bombay :

1. Joining of Islands :
Bombay was initially seven islands. As the population grew, the island were joined to create more space and the gradually changed into one big city. Bombay was the commercial capital of colonial India. As the premier part on the western coast it was the centre of international trade.

2. As a Trade Centre :
By the end of the nineteenth century, half the imports and exports of India passed through Bombay. One important item of this trade was opium that the East India Company exported to China. India merchants and middlemen supplied and participated in this trade and they helped integrate.

3. Style of Architecture of Buildings :
The architectural style was usually European. This importation of European styles reflected the imperial vision in several ways. First, it expressed the British desire to create a familiar landscape in an alien country and thus to feel at home in the colony. Second the British felt that European styles would best symbolise their superiority, authority and power.

Question 11.
Make a list of at least ten occupations in the city, town or village to which you belong, and find out now long they have existed. What does this tell you about the changes within this area?
Answer:
List of ten occupations of my village of town :

1. Agriculture
2. Rearing of animals
3. Carpentry or wood-work
4. Black-smiths
5. Jewellery-making
6. Trade
7. Pottery-making
8. Spinning
9. Weaving
10. Teaching

1. Agriculture:
As far as agriculture is concerned, the farmers of my area are using tractor and agricultural machines, in place of bull-pulled wooden plough and small traditional old fashioned tools or agricultural implements.

2. Rearing of Animals:
It is being done on large scale. The people have constructed big pukka halls to keep their animals. They have fitted electric fans for buffaloes to provide them cool air during the summer season.

3. Carpentry or wood work:
The carpenters are using latest tools, implements and machines useful in this occupation. New types of articles, furnitures, decorational things are being produced and sold in local as well as outside. Day by Day the economic position of the carpenters is improving.

4. Black-smiths:
The black-smiths have increased the production. They are taking help of latest technology. All types of grills, window, doors, iron-rods etc., are being prepared according to needs and demands of the customers, people and markets.

5. Jewellery-making:
Jewellers and artisans are manufacturing and making different types of ornaments and jewelleries for local people, outside market within the country as well as for international markets also.

6. Trade:
Traders have modernizing their occupation. They are giving advertisement in newspapers, magazines as well as on the televisions and radios. Day by day the trade is progressing by leaps and bounds.

7. Pottery-making:
Potters of the village are expanding their industry. They are taking help of latest technique, scientific methods, new designs for promotion of pottery industry of our area.

8. Spinning:
Though some people particularly women are spinning cotton with the old tools, but some are using modern and latest machines for spinning work. It could have happen due to advancement in the field of industralization.

9. Weaving:
The weavers are using latest machines, chemicals and dyes for weaving, colouring and designing their products. They are exporting their products to different regions of India as well as to other countries due to globalization, liberalization under New Economic Policy of India which has been followed since 1990).

10. Teaching:
Teachers of our area are using latest books, CDs VDs and TVs also. They are teaching new subjects such as computing to the students. Latest methods and technique of importing education are being utilized. Internet is being used for imparting and promotion of knowledge.

Activities

Activity 1
Compare the view in Fig. (a) and that in Fig. (b). Write a paragraph on what the changes depicted in the pictures might have meant to people living in the area.

Fig. (a)

Fig. (b)
Answer:
The picture in fig (a) is over crowded and congested. A large population was living in that place which was polluted and with over drains. No greenery or trees are found in this picture. The lanes and roads were narrow. In the picture in fig. (b), it looks much cleaner and well set. There is greenery and less pollution. Many poor people might have been shifted to other places in order to widen roads, construct large drains, etc.

Activity 2
Imagine yourself walking up Raisina Hill, looking towards Rashtrapati Bhawan. Do you think Baker was right in thinking that looking up to the building would create a sense of awe and empasise the power of the British?
Answer:
The architect Henry Baher believed that the new capital (New Delhi) would be a remarkable place for the British Government. Yes, I think while watching the Rashtrapati Bhawan we feel a sense of awe. Yes it is indeed a monument that can be remembered again and again. From here India would feel united as nation for the first time under the British rule.

Activity 3
Can you find at least two instances from this chapter that suggest that there were other ways of thinking about the image of the capital city?
Answer:
The two instances that suggest that there were other ways of thinking about the image of the capital city are :
I can be prepared on totally Indian’s architectural system, design of the ancient India.
Its image could be prepared fully on India-Persian and Roman style.

Activity 4
Think of the life of two young people—one growing up in a haveli and the other in a colonial being a low. What would be the difference in their relationship with the family?
Answer:
A haveli housed many families. Rooms in the havelis had multiple openings, and using little space for furniture.

One the other hand, colonial bungalows were quite different for the haveli. It was a large single-storeyed structure with a pitched roof.

I would prefer to live in a haveli because here we can enjoy with all members of the family. We can play together, fight together and eat together. We can help each other in all works. In a haveli, there is oneness among all people, cooperation and informal relations. Life would be full of fun.

One the other hand life in a bangalow would be formal. There would be no closeness, because it is meant for a nuclear family. Life would be boring and each would be thinking of himself or herself.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science