NCERT Solutions

NCERT Solutions for Class 6 Sanskrit Ruchira Chapter 15 मातुलचन्द्र

अभ्यासः

पाठ का सम्पूर्ण सरलार्थ-

चन्दामामा कहाँ से आते हो?
चन्दामामा कहाँ जाओगे?

बहुत दूर तक फैला हुआ नीला आकाश है
कहीं भी अवकाश दिखाई नहीं देता है।
चन्दामामा कैसे जाओगे?
चन्दामामा कहाँ से आते हो?

हे! मेरे घर क्यों नहीं आते हो?
मामा! स्नेह क्यों नहीं बिखेरते हो?
चन्दामामा! कब जाओगे?
चन्दामामा! कहाँ से आते हो?

तुम्हारी फैली हुई सफेद चाँदनी
तारों से सुशोभित सफेद वस्त्र।
हे चन्दामामा! क्या मुझे दोगे?
चन्दामामा! कहाँ से आते हो?

जल्दी आओ, मुझे गीत सुनाओ।
प्यारे मामा! मेरा प्यार बढ़ाओ।
क्या नहीं आओगे चन्दामामा?
कहाँ से आते हो चन्दामामा?

पाठ्य-पुस्तक के प्रश्न-अभ्यास

प्रश्नः 1.
बालगीतं साभिनयं सस्वरं गायत।

प्रश्नः 2.
पद्यांशान् योजयत
(क) मातुल! किरसि – सितपरिधानम्
(ख) तारकखचितं – श्रावय गीतिम्
(ग) त्वरितमेहि मां – चन्द्रिकावितानम्
(घ) अतिशयविस्तृत – कथं न स्नेहम्
(ङ) धवलं तव – नीलाकाशः
उत्तर:
(क) कथं न स्नेहम्
(ख) सितपरिधानम्
(ग) श्रावय गीतिम्
(घ) नीलाकाशः
(ङ) चन्द्रिकावितानम्

प्रश्नः 3.
पद्यांशेषु रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत
(क) प्रिय मातुल! …………. प्रीतिम्।
(ख) कथं प्रयास्यसि ………….।
(ग) ……………. क्वचिदवकाशः।
(घ) ……………… दास्यसि मातुलचन्द्र!।
(ङ) कथमायासि न …………. गेहम् ।
उत्तर:
(क) वर्धय मे
(ख) मातुलचन्द्र
(ग) नैव दृश्यते
(घ) मह्यम्
(ङ) भी! मम

प्रश्नः 4.
प्रश्नानाम् उत्तराणि लिखत
(क) अस्मिन् पाठे कः मातुलः?
(ख) नीलाकाशः कीदृशः अस्ति?
(ग) मातुलचन्द्रः किं न किरसि?
(घ) किं श्रावयितुं शिशुः चन्द्रं कथयति?
(ङ) चन्द्रस्य सितपरिधानं कथम् अस्ति?
उत्तर:
(क) अस्मिन् पाठे चन्द्रः मातुलः अस्ति।
(ख) नीलाकाशः अतिविस्तृतः अस्ति।
(ग) मातुलचन्द्रः स्नेहम् न किरसि।
(घ) गीतं श्रावयितुं शिशुः चन्द्रं कथयति।
(ङ) चन्द्रस्य सितपरिधानं तारकखचितम् अस्ति।

प्रश्नः 5.
उदाहरणानुसारं निम्नलिखितपदानि सम्बोधने परिवर्तयत-
यथा-
चन्द्रः – चन्द्र!
(क) शिष्यः – ……….
(ख) गोपालः – ……….
उत्तर:
(क) शिष्य!
(ख) गोपाल!

यथा- बालिका – बालिके!
(क) प्रियंवदा – ……….
(ख) लता – ……….
उत्तर:
(क) प्रियंवदे!
(ख) लते!

यथा- फलम्- फल!
(क) मित्रम् – ……….
(ख) पुस्तकम् – ……….
उत्तर:
(क) मित्र!
(ख) पुस्तक!

यथा- रविः – रवे!
(क) मुनिः- ……….
(ख) कविः – ……….
उत्तर:
(क) मुने!
(ख) कवे!

यथा- साधुः – साधो!
(क) भानुः – ……….
(ख) पशुः – ……….
उत्तर:
(क) भानो!
(ख) पशो!

यथा- नदी – नदि!
(क) देवी – ……….
(ख) मानिनि – ……….
उत्तर:
क) देवि!
(ख) मानिनि!

प्रश्नः 6.
मञ्जूषातः उपयुक्तानाम् अव्ययपदानां प्रयोगेण रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत-
कुतः कदा कुत्र कथम् किम्।
(क) जगन्नाथपुरी ……… अस्ति?
(ख) त्वं ……………. गमिष्यसि?
(ग) गङ्गानदी …………. वहति?
(घ) तव स्वास्थ्यं……….. अस्ति?
(ङ) वर्षाकाले मयूराः ……………… कर्वन्ति?
उत्तर:
(क) कुत्र
(ख) कदा
(ग) कुतः
(घ) कथम्
(ङ) किम्

प्रश्नः 7.
तत्समशब्दान् लिखत-
मामा, मोर, तारा, कोयल, कबूतर
उत्तर:
मामा – मातुल
मोर – मयूर
तारा – तारक
कोयल – कोकिल
कबूतर – कपोत

NCERT Solutions for Class 6 Sanskrit

NCERT Solutions for Class 6 Sanskrit Ruchira Chapter 8 सूक्तिस्तबकः

अभ्यासः

पाठ का सम्पूर्ण सरलार्थ-

1. अस्माकं विद्यालयः ……………………. विकासः भवति। (पृष्ठ-57)
हिन्दी सरलार्थ-
हमारा विद्यालय गाँव के पास है। सुबह छात्र मेरे गाँव से विद्यालय आते हैं। दूसरे गाँवों से भी छात्र यहाँ पढ़ने के लिए .. आते हैं। विद्यालय की प्रार्थना सभा बहुत सुन्दर है। प्रार्थना सभा के बाद बालक और बालिकाएँ अपनी-अपनी कक्षा में जाते हैं। वे अध्यापकों से अनेक विषय पढ़ते हैं। विद्यालय के पुस्तकालय से छात्र पुस्तकें लाते हैं। वहाँ वे समाचार-पत्र भी पढ़ते हैं। पुस्तकें पढ़ने से ज्ञान का विकास होता है।

2. विद्यालयस्य पुरतः ………………….. अतिसुखदं भवति। (पृष्ठ-57)
हिन्दी सरलार्थ-
विद्यालय के सामने एक बगीचा है। बगीचे की शोभा बहुत सुन्दर है। यहाँ अनेक प्रकार के फूल हैं। उनके ऊपर भँवरे गूंजते हैं। वे फूलों का रस पीते हैं। वहाँ पक्षियों का चहचहाना बहुत सुखद होता है।

3. विद्यालयस्य ……………………. ततः सुखम्॥ (पृष्ठ-58)
हिन्दी सरलार्थविद्यालय का खेल का मैदान बहुत बड़ा है। यहाँ छात्र न केवल खेल के कालांश में अपितु छुट्टी के बाद भी खेलते हैं। खेल के अध्यापक से वे खेल में निपुणता प्राप्त करते हैं। हमारे विद्यालय में पढ़ने से और खेलने से छात्रों का शारीरिक और मानसिक विकास होता है।

विद्या से और विनम्रता से युक्त स्वस्थ छात्र ही समाज और देश की सेवा करते हैं। और कहा गया है-

विद्या विनम्रता देती है, विनम्रता से (मनुष्य) योग्यता को प्राप्त करता है। योग्यता से धन प्राप्त करता है, धन से धर्म और उससे सुख प्राप्त करता है।

पाठ्य-पुस्तक के प्रश्न-अभ्यास

प्रश्न: 1.
उच्चारणं कुरुत-
मोदकात् – मोदकाभ्याम् – मोदकेभ्यः
मालायाः – मालाभ्याम् – मालाभ्यः
चित्रात् – चित्राभ्याम् – चित्रेभ्यः
शुकस्य – शुकयोः – शुकानाम्
लतायाः – लतयोः – लतानाम्
चित्रस्य – चित्रयोः – चित्राणाम्
उत्तर:
विद्यार्थी स्वयं उच्चारण करें।

प्रश्नः 2.
रेखाङ्कितानि पदानि बहुवचने परिवर्तयत-
यथा-
छात्राः ग्रामात् आगच्छन्ति।
छात्राः ग्रामेभ्यः आगच्छन्ति।
(क) जनाः आपणातु क्रीडनकानि क्रीणन्ति।
जनाः ………… क्रीडनकानि क्रीणन्ति।

(ख) बालकाः पुस्तकालयात् पुस्तकानि आनयन्ति।
बालकाः …………… पुस्तकानि आनयन्ति।

(ग) पत्रिकायाः चित्राणि पश्यत।
…………” चित्राणि पश्यत।

(घ) शाखायाः पत्राणि आनय।
……………. पत्राणि आनय।

(ङ) लतायाः पुष्पाणि चिनुत।
……………. पुष्पाणि चिनुत।

(च) वृक्षात् पत्राणि पतन्ति।
…………….. पत्राणि पतन्ति।
उत्तर:
(क) आपणेभ्यः
(ख) पुस्तकालयेभ्यः
(ग) पत्रिकाभ्यः
(घ) शाखाभ्यः
(ङ) लताभ्यः
(च) वृक्षेभ्यः

प्रश्नः 3.
रेखाङ्कितानि पदानि एकवचने परिवर्तयत-
यथा- वनानां दृश्यम्
वनस्य दृश्यम्
(क) उद्यानानां शोभा।
………….” शोभा।

(ख) चित्राणां वर्णः।
…………. वर्णः।

(ग) बालिकानाम् आभूषणम्।
………….. आभूषणम्।

(घ) कोकिलानां स्वरः।
……………. स्वरः।

(ङ) सिंहानां निद्रा।
……… निद्रा।

(च) मेघानां गर्जनम्।
…………… गर्जनम्।
उत्तर:
(क) उद्यानस्य
(ख) चित्रस्य
(ग) बालिकायाः
(घ) कोकिलस्य
(ङ) सिंहस्य
(च) मेघस्य

प्रश्नः 4.
अधोलिखितं चित्रं पश्यत। उदाहरणानुसारेण कोष्ठकगतैः शब्दैः वाक्यानि रचयत-

यथा-
(क) रामः (लव) लवस्य जनकः।
(ख) रामः (दशरथ) ………… पुत्रः।
(ग) रामः ……………………………..
(घ) …………………………………….
(ङ) ……………………………………
(च) ……………………………………
(छ) ……………………………………
(ज) ……………………………………
उत्तर:
(क) रामः लवस्य जनकः।
(ख) रामः दशरथस्य पुत्रः
(ग) रामः सीतायाः पतिः।
(घ) रामः भरतस्य अग्रजः
(ङ) रामः रावणस्य शत्रुः।
(च) रामः अयोध्यायाः नृपः।
(छ) रामः सुग्रीवस्य मित्रम्
(ज) रामः विभीषणस्य प्रभुः।

प्रश्नः 5.
चित्राणि दृष्ट्वा कोष्ठकगतशब्देषु उचितां विभक्तिं प्रयुज्य वाक्यानि पूरयत-

उत्तर:
(क) मत्स्याः तडागात् बहिः आगच्छन्ति।
(ख) नृपः अश्वात् पतति।
(ग) सर्पः बिलात् निर्गच्छति।
(घ) मेघेभ्यः जलं पतति।
(ङ) वृक्षात् पत्राणि पतन्ति।

प्रश्नः 6.
उपयुक्तशब्दं चित्वा रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत-
(क) बालकाः …………. गृहम् आगच्छन्ति। (विद्यालयात विद्यालयेन)
(ख) श्यामः ………….. दुग्धम् आनयति। (गृहेण/गृहात्)
(ग) नदी ……….. प्रभवति। (पर्वतात्/पर्वतेन)
(घ) माता’…………. जलम् आनयति। (कूपेन/कूपात्)
(ङ) नरेशः ……………. वस्तूनि क्रीणाति (आपणेन्/आपणात्)
उत्तर:
(क) विद्यालयात्
(ख) गृहात्
(ग) पर्वतात्
(घ) कूपात्
(ङ) आपणात्

प्रश्नः 7.
गोपालः किं किं वस्तु कुतः आनयति इति लिखत-
पुस्तकालयात् ग्रामात् मालाकारात् कोषात् आपणात्
(क) ………….. फलानि आनयति।।
(ख) ………….. पुस्तकानि आनयति।
(ग) ………….. धनम् आनयति।
(घ) ………….. दुग्धम् आनयति।
(ङ) ………….. पुष्पाणि आनयति।
उत्तर:
(क) आपणात्
(ख) पुस्तकालयात्
(ग) कोषात्
(घ) ग्रामात्
(छ) मालाकारात्

NCERT Solutions for Class 6 Sanskrit

The Making of the National Movement 1870s – 1947 Class 8 Questions and Answers History Chapter 11

History Class 8 Chapter 11 NCERT Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Imagine that you are involved in the Indian national movement. Based on your readings of this chapter, briefly discuss your preferred methods of struggle and your vision of a free India.
Answer:
I would prefer to be a member of the revolutionaries mainly Bhagat Singh and his group. Whatever they did was right and I would also do what they did. I am not a person to suffer the injustice of the British. After all we (Indian) too are human beings. We should always be ready to fight for our motherland.

Question 2.
Why were people dissatisfied with British rule in the 1870s. and 1880’s?
Answer:
People were dissatisfied with British rule in the 1870s and 1880s due to the following reasons :
1. The British passed the Arms Act in 1878 which disallowed Indians from possessing arms.
2. In the same year they passed the Vernacular Press Act. This Act snatched the freedom of speech and expression. It allowed the government to confiscate the assets of newspapers including their printing presses if the newspapers published anything that was critical of the government.
3. In 1883, the Ilbert Bill was introduced. The bill provided for the trial of British or European persons by Indian and sought equality between British and Indian Judges in the country. But the white opposition forced the government to withdraw the bill.

Question 3.
Who did the Indian National Congress wish to speak for?
Ans. The Indian National Congress did not wish to talk only on behalf of professional groups, zamindars to industrialists hue also for peasants, artisans, women and for all people of the country. It also raised a number of economic issues, social issues, and political issues.

Question 4.
What economic impact did the First World War have on India?
Answer:
The First World War led to a huge rise in the defence expenditure of the Government of India. The government in turn increased taxes on individual incomes and business profits.

Increased military expenditure and the demands for war supplies led to the sharp rise in prices which badly affected the common mass. They found it difficult to fulfil even their essential needs.

But the business groups earned huge profits from the war. The war created a demand for industrial goods like jute bags, cloth, rails and caused a decline of Import’s from other countries into India. As a result Indian industries expanded during the war.

Question 5.
What did the Muslim League resolution of 1940 ask for?
Answer:
In 1940 the Muslim League had moved a resolution demanding “Independent states” for Muslims in the north-western and eastern areas of the country. The resolution did not mention partition or Pakistan.

Question 6.
Who were the Moderates? How did they propose to struggle against British rule?
Answer:
The Moderates were against extreme actions. They had deep faith in the good intention of the government. They were of the opinion that slowly and steadily they would make the British go to their own land.

The moderate leaders developed public awareness about the unjust nature of British rule. They published news papers, wrote articles and showed how British rule was leading to the economic ruin of the country. They criticised British rule in their speeches and sent representatives to different parts of the country to mobilise public opinion. They believed that the British had respect for the ideals of freedom and justice and therefore, they would definitely accept all the just demands of the people of India. Their main task was to acknowledge the British government with these demands.

Question 7.
How was the politics of the Radicals within the Congress different from that of the Moderates?
Answer:
The radicals criticised the moderates for their “politics of prayers” and emphasised the importance of self-reliance and constructive work. They argued that people must rely on their own strength not on the “good” intentions of the government; people must fight for swaraj. Tilak raised the slogan “ Freedom is my birth right and I shall have it!”

Question 8.
Discuss the various forms that Non-cooperation Movement took in different parts of India. How did the people understand Gandhiji?
Answer:
The Non-cooperation movement spread for and wide. It took various forms in different parts of the country:

1. In Kheda, Gujarat, Patidar peasants were worried about the high land revenue demand of the British. Hence they organised non-violent campaigns against it.
2.  In coastal Andhra and interior Tamil Nadu, liquor shops were picketed.
3. In the Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh, Tribals and poor peasants started several forest satyagrahas, sometimes sending their cattle into forests without paying grazing tax. They were very much fed up with the restrictions imposed on them by the British regarding the use of forest resources. They wanted the abolition of the forest regulations.
4. In Sind, now in Pakistan, Muslim trades and peasants were very enthusiastic about the Khilafat call. In Bengal too, the khilafat Non-cooperation alliance gave enormous communal unity and strength to the national movement.
5. In Punjab, the Akali agitation of the Sikhs sought to drive out corrupt mahants, supported by the British from the gurudwaras. This movement got closely identified with Non-cooperation movement.
6. In Assam, tea garden labourers left with the British owned plantations and become the followers of Gandhiji.
   People viewed Gandhiji as a messiah as some one who could help them overcome their misery and poverty.

Question 9.
Why did Gandhiji choose to break the salt law?
Answer:
Gandhiji declared that he would lead a march to break the salt law. According to this law, the state had a monopoly on the manufacture and sale of salt. Mahatma Gandhi along with other nationalists reasoned that it was sinful to tax salt since it is such an essential item of our food. The salt march related the general desire of freedom to a specific grievance shored by every body, and thus did not divide the rich and the poor.

Gandhiji and his followers marched for over 240 miles from Sabarmati to the coastal town of Dandi where they broke the government law by gathering natural salt found on the seashore and bailing sea water to produce salt.

Question 10.
Discuss those developments of the 1937—47 period that led to the creation of Pakistan.
Answer:
From the late 1930, the Muslim League began viewing the Muslims as a separate- nation from the Hindus. This nation might have developed because of the history of tension between some Hindu and Muslim groups in the 1920s and 1930s The provincial elections of 1937 also might have convinced the League. The Muslims were a minority and they would always have to play fiddle frilled in any democratic structure. Meanwhile, the rejected the Legue’s desire to form a joint Congress- League government in the united provinces in 1937. This annoyed the League.

In 1940, the league finally moved a resolution demanding ‘Independent states’ for Muslim in the north-western and eastern areas of the country. The resolution
did not mention partition or Pakistan.

In 1945, the British opened negotiations between the Congress, the league and themselves for the independence of India. The talks could not succeed because the League saw itself as the sole spokesperson of India Muslims. The Congress proved this claim baseless because several Muslims still supported it.

In the provincial elections in 1946 the League got grand success in the seats reserved for Muslims. Hence it persisted its demand for Pakistan. In march 1946, the cabinet mission came to Delhi to examine this demand and to suggest a suitable political framework for a free India. This mission suggested that India should remain united and constitute itself as confederation a loose with some autonomy for Muslim-majority areas. Neither the Congress nor the Muslim League agreed to it. The failure of the cabinet mission made partition inevitable. Ultimately in 1947 partition took with the birth of a new country, i.e, Pakistan.

Question 11.
Find out how the national movement was organised in your city, district area or state. Who participated in it and who led it? What did the movement in your area achieve?
Answer:
(Students to do it as per their area)
Organization of National Movement in our city:
Hints:

• Visit of Gandhiji.
• Formation of Action Committees.
• Meetings and awareness of different events at the national level.
• Prabhat Pheries and Rallies.
• Protest march to district headquarters.
• Mass arrests.
• Hanging of the freedom fighters.
• Award after getting independence.

Question 12.
Find out more about the life and work of any two participants or leaders of the national movement and write a short essay about them. You may choose a person not mentioned in this chapter.
Answer:
(a) Rajendra Prasad:
The political career of Dr. Rajendra Prasad started as a social worker. In 1918, he came into contact with Gandhiji during the Champaran satyagraha. He took active part in this movement. He was also sent to jail, by the Britishers, a number of times. He was one of the most uncontroversial figure in the Indian politics. When India became independent, he was elected the first President of India.

(b) Jaiprakash Narayan :
From 1934, Jaiprakash Narayan dedicated his life for the welfare of the country. First he became the secretary of the socialist party, and then in 1946 when Jawaharalal Nehru offered him the membership of the congress working committee, he rejected the offer. However, later he joined the congress committee with Ram Manohar Lohia. But both of them left it soon. After some years, Jaiprakash Narayana became the General secretary of the socialist party. He is known for his active, selfless service for the country.

Activities

Activity 1
From the beginning the Congress sought to speak for and in the name of, all the Indian people. Why did it choose to do so?
Answer:
From the very beginning congress considered itself the nucleus of a future parliament for our country and thus, thought for all the entire nation and the entire population.

Activity 2
What problem regarding the early congress does this comment highlight?
In Pursuit of gold : This is what a Moderate leader, Dinshaw Wacha, wrote to Naoroji in 1887 :
Pherozeshah is nowdays too busy with his personal work ………….. . They are already rich enough ………….. Mr. Telang too remains busy. I wonder how if all remain busy in the pursuit of gold can the progress of the country be advanced?
Answer:
Dineshaw Wacha wrote to Naoroji that if all the congress members thought of them selves what will happen to the country? And how the country will advance if there will be no unity among the congress.

Activity 3
Find out which countries fought the First world war.
Answer:
Germany, Poland, France, Russia, British, etc.

Activity 4
Find out about the Jalianwala Bagh massacre. What atrocities were committed there? How were they committed?
Answer:
The people of Punjab had been very angry and excited over many issues. When the government ordered the arrest of Dr. Satyapal and Dr. Saifuddin Kitchleu, the people in order to protect against their leaders arrest assembled on 13 April, 1919 at Amirtsar in the Jallianwala Bagh. This Bagh was enclosed on three sides by buildings and had only one exist, which was narrow. General Dyer surrounded the Bagh with troops, closed the only exit and ordered his troops to fire upon the innocent people. Many people were killed and wounded.

Activity 5
(a) Read Source 4.
According to this report, how did people view Mahatma Gandhi? Why do you think they felt that he was oppossed to zamindars but not to the government? Why do you think they were in favour of Gandhiji?

(b) “It was he who got bedakhli stopped in paragraph”
The following is an extract from a CID report on the kisan movement in Allahabad distract, January 1921:

The currency which Mr. Gandhis name has acquired even in the remotest villages is astonishing. No one seems to know quite who or what he is, but it is an accepted fact that what he says is so, and what he orders must be done. He is a Mahatma or sadhu, a Pundit, a Brahmin who lives at Allahabad, even a devta ………. the real power of his name is to be traced back to the idea that it was he who got bedakhli (illegal eviction) stopped in Pratapgarh ……. as being antagonistic to Government, but only to the zamindars ………… We are for Gandhiji and the Sarkar.
Answer:
(a) People viewed Gandhiji as a Mahatma or Pandit; or sadha or a Brahmin who lives in Allahabad.
(b) The people thought that he opposed to zamindars by not to government because zamindars were in direct contain with the farmers and not the British. Gandhiji had stopped the illegal evicting of the zamindar in Pratap- garh because he favoured the common people and not the zamindars.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science

Markets Around Us Class 7 Questions and Answers Civics Chapter 8

Class 7 Civics Chapter 8 NCERT Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Why do people go to a weekly market? Give three reasons.
Answer:
People go to a weekly market because of the following reasons:

1. Many things in weekly markets are available at cheaper rates.
2. Most things that we need are available at one place.
3. Since weekly markets have a large number of shops selling the same goods, then, things can be available at a cheaper rate.

Question 2.
Who are the sellers in a weekly market? Why don’t we find big business persons in these markets?
Answer:
The sellers in a weekly market are local people who do not have permanent shops. These small traders set up shops for the day and then close them in the evening. Then they may set up at a different place the next day.

We do not find big businessmen in these markets, because they have permanent shops in a shopping complex or mall.

Question 3.
Why are things cheap in the weekly market?
Answer:
Things are cheap in the weekly market because of the following reasons :

1. The shops are temporary, i.e., not permanent. The shopkeepers do not have to pay rent, electricity, fees to the government, etc.
2. The shopkeepers do not have to pay wages to their workers.
3. Most of the things that are sold by the shopkeepers are stored at home.
4. Most of them are helped by, their family members and, hence do not need to hire workers.

Question 4.
Explain with an example how people bargain in the market. Can you think of a situation where the bargain would be unfair?
Answer:
Weekly markets have a large number of shops selling the same goods which means there is a competition among them. If some trader were to charge a high price, for example, apples, people would move to another shop where the apples may be available more cheaply or the buyer may bargain and bring the price down.

The bargain would be unfair if the seller is selling his goods at a reasonable (cheaper) price.

Question 5.
Why did Sujata carry a notebook? Do you think this system is useful? Can there be problems?
Answer:
Sujata carried a notebook because she was buying goods on credit. It is useful as long as both buyer and seller and fair. The buyer should pay the seller the amount of the exact time without any hindrance.

Yes, this system can create problems when the buyer does not pay his dues; or the seller has forgotten to write any article sold to the buyer, etc.

Question 6.
What are the different kinds of shops that you find in your neighbourhood? What do you purchase from them?
Answer:
We find all types of shops in our neighbourhood, such as groceries, clothes, chemists, daily needs shop, fair price, vegetable and fruit shops, etc.

Normally, we purchase all the items needed from them.

Question 7.
Why are goods sold in permanent shops costlier than those sold in the weekly markets or by road side hawkers?
Answer:
Goods sold in permanent shops are costlier because these shops, incur a lot of expenditure” they have to pay rent, electricity, fees to the government, and, they also have to pay wages to their workers. More over these shops sell branched or packed goods.

Question 8.
Why do you think the guard wanted to stop Kavita and Sujata from entering the shop? What would you say if someone stops you from entering a shop in a market?
Answer:
Kavita and Sujata were wandering on the 3rd floor. The guard wanted to stop them for entering the shop because he thought that they did not have the money to buy clothes. There were just going inside to look at the clothes being sold at the shop.

If someone stops me from entering a shop in a market, I would pull his hat and remind him that everyone is free to go to any place he/she likes. It is not necessary that in whichever shop we enter, we have to buy something.

Question 9.
Why do people not bargain in shops located in malls whereas they bargain in weekly markets?
Answer:
People do not bargain in the shop located in the malls whereas they bargain in weekly market because branded goods available in the mall are expensive, durable, and often promoted by advertising, claiming of better quality as compared to non branded goods. Fewer people afford to buy but dono’t bargain in terms of quality and brand.

Question 10.
How do you think your neighbourhood shop gets its goods? Find out and explain with some examples.
Answer:
Our neighbourhood shop gets its goods through agents or wholesaler For example A vegetable wholesale trader will not buy a few kilos of vegetables, but will buy a large lot of 25 to 100 kilos.

There will be then sold to other traders. It is through this the retailer get the goods and finally reaches to our neighbourhood shop.

Question 11.
Why is a wholesale trader necessary?
Answer:
Goods are produced in factories, on farms, and in homes. However, we don’t buy directly from the factory or from the farm. The goods from factories, or farms etc. are purchased by the wholesaler and sold to the retailer.

From the retailer we buy goods. Thus, a wholesale trader is necessary.

Question 12.
In what ways is a hawker different from shop-owner?
Answer:
Hawker is a person who sells his product or goods by moving on the streets while a shop-owner is a person who sells his goods at a fixed place. A hawker can sell different goods like vegetables, clothes, shoes, etc., while shop owner sell the some things or goods. For e.g. in a book shop you can get only books, stationery etc., not vegetables, ice-cream, sweets etc.

Question 13.
Compare and Contrast weekly market and a shopping complex on the following :

Answer:

Question 14.
Explain how a chain of markets is formed. What purpose does it serve?
Answer:
A series of markets that are connected like a link in a chain because products pass from one market to another is known as chain of market. The people in between the producer and the final consumers are the traders, middlemen agent, etc.

(a) The producer supplies goods to retailer who sell them to customers. Producer : Retailer : Customers producer: Wholesaler: Customer. The goods can be sold with the help of retailer and wholesaler in the following chain process :

It is through this links (chain) of the trader the goods reaches far away places. The purpose of this chain markets is to make the easiest availability of all the goods at far away place immediately.

Question 15.
All persons have equal right to visit any shop in a market place. Do you think this is true of shops with expensive products? Explain with example.
Answer:
Yes, all persons have equal rights to visit any shop in a market place. It is also true of shops with expensive products.

Example:
Kavita and Sujata are two friends. They went to Anzal Mall, a five floor shopping complex. They were enjoying themselves, then they decided to go to a branded ready made shop which was situated on 3rd floor. Security guard wanted to stop them, but he could not, they looked at some costly dresses, but none was less than 2500 Rs. Sujata whispered to Kavita, let us try on another shop. I’ll take you another shop which has good quality readymade clothes at very reasonable prices.

Question 16.
‘Buying and selling can take place without going to a market place’. Explain this with the help of examples.
Answer:
Yes, Buying and selling can take place without going to a market place. We can place order for variety of things through phone and these days through internet, and the goods are delivered at our homes.
Example :

In clinic and nursing homes we have noticed that sales representatives waiting for doctors. Such persons are also engaged in selling of goods. Thus buying and selling take . place in different ways, not necessarily through shops in the market.

Another example can be given of a Pizza Hut. The favourite Pizzahuts have toll free mobile and land-line numbers. We can place our order through phone call. Their home delivery service will drop the pizza at our doorstep within a short time. These shops run 24 hrs daily.

NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Economics Chapter 4 Globlisation and the Indian Economy

Textbook Exercises

Question 1.
What do you understand by globalisation? Explain in your own words.
Answer:
Globalisation is a process that brings numerous nations together. It is an integrating process which aims at free flow of good, man¬power, services, social and cultural activities from one nation to another. It is connectivity, interconnection bringing people together.

Question 2.
What were the reasons for putting barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment by the Indian government? Why did it wish to remove these barriers?
Answer:
Till about four decades after we attained freedom from the Britishers, we had thought to build modern india on our own efforts and with whatever technical knowledge raw-material and man power resources the country itself possessed. That was why that we put barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment. But once we permitted private sector to play its role in the country’s Economy, we introduced liberalisation and privatisation. The results were very encouraging. We flourished a lot in terms of economy. It was after 1991 that the trade and foreign barriers were removed. It was a situation which made us capable of competing in world market.

Question 3.
How would flexibility in labour laws help companies?
Answer:
Flexibility in labour laws help the companies to recruit the workers according to the needs of the companies. The companies employ the labourers with their own condition of work and pay and salaries. This helps productivity which not only yield profits for the companies, but improve the economic conditions of the people.

Question 4.
What are the various ways in which MNCs set up, or control production in other countries?
Answer:
MNCs stand for multinational companies. These are usually foreign companies which set up their business organisations. They control production, while they operate, through numerous ways. Some of therse are

1. They set up production centres close to the markets;
2. They employ workers who are skilled;
3. They establish their installations where the factors of production are easily available.
4. They set up their organisations usually jointly with local companies so that the benefits are shared between the native and foreign companies.
5. Products so made is sold under their brand names, employing the locals in the companies.

Question 5.
Why do developed countries want developing countries to liberalise their trade and investment? What do you think Should the developing countries demand in return?
Answer:
The developed countries want the developing countries to liberalise their trade and investment so that the raw-material man-power, market of the developing countries can be utilized by the MNCs of the developed nations. This helps the developed nations to fully utilize their surplus money.

The developing countries should, in return, seek fair globalisation benefits. The globalising effects should help the economy and employment avenues of the developing nations. These developing nations should seek benefits of globalization and a fair share in development of their economy.

Question 6.
“The impact of globalisation has not been uniform.” Explain this statement.
Answer:
The impact of globalisation has not been uniform. The consumers do enjoy the foreign- sponsored products, but these are only the well- off urban consumers; workers do enjoy the benefits of good salaries, but the workers outside the globalization institution, especially the rural poor have not been adequately compensated. The benefits of the globalisation efforts have been more towards the MNCs rather than the native companies.

Question 7.
How has liberalisation of trade and investment policies helped the globalisation process?
Answer:
The liberalisation of trade and investnments, indeed, helped the globalisation process. Our foreign trade has increased; private sector has contributed a lot in country’s economy; the Indians have been able to enjoy the foreign- sponsored and foreign manufactured products. The liberalising measures of the government have helped the private enterprises to produce products with quality. The Indian products are competing with the products of other countries in the international markets.

Question 8.
How does foreign trade lead to integration of markets across countries? Explain with an example other than those given here.
Answer:
Foreign trade is a trade among different nations. It helps to integrate markets across countries. What we have less, we wise to buy that, and what we have more, we wish to sell to others. For selling the products we have in plenty, we seek foreign markets to export them. For buying the products we are in shortage, we buy them from others, i.e., we import those products. In both cases we seek foreign markets and in the process, we integrate. We export textiles and import crude oil.

Question 9.
Globalisation will continue in the future. Can you imagine what the world would be like twenty years from now? give reasons for your answer.
Answer:
Globalisation is not only going to stay, it is going to continue. It is a process of future, and in fact, the only process in the future. Once having made a beginning, it has to go further and further. After 20 years from now, we will have a situation when the borders would have no meaning; one would be travelling to other countries as if one is travelling to other cities. Social, economic and cultural relations would widen and people of the world be too nearer and closer. In fact, it would, then, be a world like a global village.

Question 10.
Supposing you find two people arguing. One is saying globalisation has hurt our country’s development. The other is telling globalisation is helping India develop. How would you respond to these organisations.
Answer:
There is a lot of misinformation and misgivings about globalisation. On the one hand, it is argued that the globalisation is damaging our development in so far as we have begun depending on others. The other argument has the opposite view, i.e., we are developing because of globalization the fact of the matter is that globalisation has put us in the larger situation of the world; we are now at a ground where we have to compete with others. It is here that our skill matters; it is here that our expertise and quality matters; it is here that we face our competitors in the spirit of real competition. Globalisation provides us a challenge; v-.- need to face it and accept it.

Question 11.
Fill in the blanks:
Indian buyers have a greater choice of goods than they did two decades back. This is closely associated with the process of …………….. Markets in India are selling goods produced in many other countries. This means there is increasing …………….. with other countries. Moreover, the rising number of brands that We see in the markets might be produced by MNCs in India. MNCs are investing in India because ………… While consumers have more choices in the market, the effect of rising ………….. and has meant greater ……….. among the producers.
Answer:
Globalisation, trade, they can get cheap labour and other resources, prices, standard, impact on workers and some people.

Question 12.
Match the following

Answer:

Question 13.
Choose the most appropriate option.
(i) The past two decades of globalisation has seen rapid movements in
(a) goods, services and people between countries.
(b) goods, services and investments between countries.
(c) goods, investments and people between countries.
Answer:
(c) goods, investments and people between countries.

(ii) The most common route for investments by MNCs in countries around the world is to
(a) set up new factories.
(b) buy existing local companies.
(c) form partnerships with local companies.
Answer:
(b) buy existing local companies.

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Economics Chapter 4 Globlisation and the Indian Economy.