English

Your family members are also your relatives. You can have an immediate or nuclear family and an extended family. Your immediate family includes your parents and siblings, while your extended family includes all of the people in your father’s and mother’s families.

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Family Relationship Names in English

1. Immediate family

Family refers to a person’s smallest family unit, consisting of the closest relatives such as parents, siblings, and children. The inclusion of the immediate family members may differ depending on which organization determination. Your immediate family may include:

Father: The male parent.

Mother: The female parent.

Daughter: The female child of the family.

Son: It is the male child of the family.

When a pair gets married, the man is the husband, and the lady is the wife. The family’s male sibling is the brother, while the family’s female sibling is the sister.

2. The Stepfamily

A Stepfamily, a bonus family and a blended family are families where at least one parent has children that are not biologically or adoptive related to the other spouse or partner. Children in the stepfamily may live with one biological or adoptive parent. The stepfamily also falls under the category of an immediate family.

” Step-” means that you are related as a result of one parent marrying again. This is the term used to describe the new members of the family when someone gets married. Therefore, Immediate families can also include:

Half-siblings: A half-brother or half-sister shares one parent with each other. They may have the same father but different mothers, or the same mother but different fathers.

Stepsiblings: A stepbrother or stepsister share one common parent who is married to each other at that point.

Stepparents: A Stepmother or Stepfather is not biologically one’s parent but is married to one of the biological parents.

Stepchildren: A stepson or stepdaughter is not biologically one’s child. Instead, they are the children of the person someone is married to at a particular time.

Even if your parents didn’t get married or had the child outside of marriage, they are still your half-brother or half-sister. However, it is prevalent to refer to your half-brother or half-sister as merely brothers and sisters.

A stepparent is the spouse of someone’s parent and not their biological or adoptive parent. A step-grandparents is also not someone’s biological grandparents, the step-grandfather is the male one, and the step-grandmother being the female one.

A step-aunt is the spouse of your parent’s brother or sister and is not the mother of your cousin. There is no blood relation in this relationship.

3. The maternal family relationship

The definition of maternal is something related to the characteristics of a mother like relatives from a mother’s side of the family. They include:

Maternal aunt: The sister of your mother is your maternal aunt. The word is also used to refer to your maternal uncle’s spouse.

Maternal uncle: The brother of your mother is your maternal uncle. This word is also applied to refer to your maternal aunt’s spouse.

Maternal grandmother: The mother of your mother.

Maternal grandfather: The father of your mother.

4. The paternal family relationship

The side of your family, which is related to your father, is known as the paternal family. They include:

Paternal aunt: The sister of your father is your paternal aunt. This word is also applied to refer to your paternal uncle’s spouse.

Paternal uncle: The brother of your father is your paternal uncle. This word is also applied to refer to your paternal sister’s husband.

Paternal grandmother: The mother of your father.

Paternal grandfather: The father of your father.

5. Second-degree relatives

Your paternal side and maternal side of the family is also your second degree or extended family. A second-degree relative is someone who shares a quarter of a person’s genes. They are a part of your extended family and the closest to you after your immediate family. Other than your grandparents or uncle and aunt, they also include:

Grandson: The son of your daughter or son is your grandson.

Granddaughter: The daughter of your daughter or son is your granddaughter.

Double cousin: Cousins with twice the number of common ancestors are known as double cousins. You and your double cousin share about a quarter of your genes, which is the same amount you share with your grandparent, a half-sibling, an uncle, or aunt.

6. Third-degree relatives

Third-degree relatives are a category of family members that constitutes a segment of the extended family. The expression is generally used in reference to the amount of genetic overlap that exists between the two sets of people, with third-degree relatives sharing approximately one-eighth of their genes. They may include:

Great-grandparents: The parents of your grandparents.

Great-grandchildren: The children of your grandchildren.

Great-uncle: The uncle of your mother or father

Great-aunt: The aunt of your mother or father

Half uncle: The half-brother of your parent.

Half-aunt: The half-sister of your parent.

Half-niece: The daughter of your half-sibling.

Half-nephew: The son of your half-sibling.

7. The in-laws of the family

The in-laws are the members of the family of your spouse or any other marriage in your family. This relationship indicates that it is bounded by marriage and not by blood.

The father of your spouse or partner is your father-in-law.

The mother of your spouse or partner is your mother-in-law.

The husband of your daughter is your son-in-law.

The wife of your son is your daughter-in-law.

Your sister’s married husband is your brother-in-law.

Your brother’s married wife is your sister-in-law.

The term aunt-in-law refers to the wife of one’s uncle or the aunt of one’s spouse. Uncle-in-law is the husband of one’s aunt or the uncle of one’s spouse. These terms are essentially used to refer to two different relationships interchangeably.

In Indian English, a sibling-in-law who is the spouse of your sibling can be referred to as the co-sibling, precisely co-sister or co-brother.

8. Relation in the family of your siblings

A nephew or niece is the child of one’s sibling or sibling-in-law. As aunt or uncle are separated from the niece or nephew the two generations, they are examples of second-degree relation and quarterly related to you.

Niece: The daughter of your sister or brother, or your brother in law or sister in law.

Nephew: The son of your sister or brother, or your sister in law or brother in law.

A fraternal relative is one who is related to the sister or brother. The in-laws share the in-law relationships of the spouse’s relatives. These can include:

A niece-in-law or nephew-in-law: The spouse of your niece or nephew or the niece or nephew of your spouse.

It is common in some cultures and family traditions to refer to your half-niece or half-nephew as just niece or nephew.

9. The Cousin relation

What is a cousin?

Cousins are people who share a mutual ancestor that is at least two generations away, such as a grandparent or great grandparents. You and your siblings are not considered cousins because your parents are only one generation away from you.

The number linked with your cousin has to do with how many generations away your common ancestor is. For example:

If you and another person share a grandparent who is two generations away, that person is your first cousin. In simple words, first cousins are the children of your uncle or aunt.

If you share a great-grandparent who is three generations away, then that person is your second cousin.

If you share a great-great-grandparent who is four generations away, then that person is your third cousin.

If you share a grandparent who is five generations away, then that person is your fourth cousin.

Sometimes you may share a mutual ancestor with your cousin, but you each call this ancestor something different. The common ancestor could be your great-grandparent, but your cousin’s great-great-grandparent.

Step-cousins are stepchildren of an individual aunt or uncle, nieces and nephews of one stepparent, or the children of someone’s parents step sibling. Cousin-in-law is the cousin of a person’s spouse or the spouse of a person’s cousin. None of these relationships have consanguinity and therefore are not related by blood.

10. The once removed family

Degrees and removals are used to more precisely describe the relationship between cousins. To be ‘once removed’ from a cousin means you are separated by one generation. The number before removed will represent the number of generations you are separated from the cousin. For example :

Cousin once removed: A cousin who is either one generation above or below you.

Cousin twice removed: A cousin who is separated from you by two generations.

This pattern continues with each generation, and they are known as distant cousins.

Interestingly according to sources, Vogue singer Madonna is Hillary Clinton’s 10th cousin. Clinton is also related to Angelina Jolie from the other side of her family, and they are night cousins twice removed.

There is another far stretched but exciting relationship. Through ancestral tracing, it was also found out that American comedian Ellen DeGeneres and the English princess Kate Middleton are 14th cousins twice removed.

Everyone is looking for a shortcut to English fluency. But this post is here to tell you that it isn’t – as long as you have the right strategy. We don’t provide tricks that will give you perfect English by practising five minutes a day. Instead, we provide solid tips that will help you learn how to speak English more fluently, in less time.

English is an exciting language to learn (here are fifteen reasons why it rocks), and even though it’s considered an accessible and relatively easy one to learn, with a lot of different words and spelling that can throw off even the most skilled learner, learning English fast can seem impossible.

Gather Information Regarding Basic English Skills and become proficient in the language and speak fluently with confidence. Try the Tips over here and Improve your English Writing and Speaking Skills.

15 Quick & Easy Ways to Learn English Faster

Here are some fun tips that will help you speak English better than ever:

1. Find Your Motivation to Improve Your Spoken English

By finding the ‘why’ of your pursuit of spoken English, you will find your motivation. It would be best if you asked yourself the reason why you want to learn Spoken English.

Is it about succeeding at job interviews? Is it about creating a good impression on others? Or, Is it to be socially mobile and enlarge your network?

English is the language of arts, science, computers, aviation, tourism and diplomacy. Knowing the language increases your chances of getting work abroad or an excellent job in a multinational company within your home country. English is the language for international communication, the media and the internet, so learning English is essential for socialising and entertainment as well as work!

Whatever reason is, always remind yourself that how remaining average will adversely affect your life conversely how getting better at the language will improve your life. This will help you keep going in frustrating times, which will be quite a few.

2. Dive Into Deep End

The best way to quickly improve and learn your English is to spend at least a few minutes practising every day. Usually, it isn’t enough if you are studying English only for an hour or two once a week to make any real progress.

Unfortunately, English has just as many exceptions as there are rules in English. If a person tries to find a reason for everything, it’s easy to get stuck on learning how to speak English properly. Sometimes English can be weird and inexplicable, so instead the best thing to do is just memorise the strange exceptions and move on.

Every time you study to try to immerse yourself as much as possible and challenge yourself to listen to, read and even say things in English that you think might be too difficult for you. One needs to make English an essential part of your everyday life to speak the language fluently.

3. Read! Everything You Can Get Your Hand’s On

If a person wants to improve your skills in speaking, then they should start to read, as well! It is not possible to improve particularly at one area of a language (like speaking) if one doesn’t improve and practise other areas, as well.

Reading helps a person to enhance their speaking skills because it makes their brain work. When you are reading, you probably do listen to your inner voice or your head pronouncing the words that you read. Apart from that, you’re able to learn new words in context that you can use later in your conversations.

Newspapers, Classic literature, paperbacks, emails, websites or even your social media feed, cereal boxes: read it if it’s in English. This helps you build on quickly, as re-exposure to learned vocabulary gives you new examples in context, therefore reinforcing those words in your mind.

The more you read, you’ll mostly have contact with correct, well-structured English and the faster your brain will start recognising groups and patterns of words that usually go together. When those patterns are already set in your head, you can use them in your conversations without hesitation.

4. Don’t Translate, Rather Think In English

Depending on a personal level of understanding, right now, one might first think of what he\she want to say in their native language, and then try to translate it into English. By thinking in English first, you omit the time to translate—which in the long run will help you become more fluent in the language, English.

When someone thinks in English (without translating), this also helps them internalise the particular language. When you internalise information, it means you learn it so well that you no longer need to think

about it.

Additionally, thinking in English is an excellent way to build your vocabulary with words you actually use. It’s important to know many words, but it’s even more important to know words that you’ll use in everyday conversations.

The solution to always think in English:

You can practice this anytime, anywhere. When you’re thinking about your day, try to use English, or when you decide what the food to order. Even an English-to-English dictionary to look up the words that you got stuck. That way, you never have to translate words or use your native language. You’ll notice that it’s easier for you to speak in English when you think.

5. Either Talk To A Live Human Or Yourself

You can enhance your English speaking whenever you’re at home (or alone somewhere else) with you’re the favourite person that is: you-yourself.

Try speaking your thoughts out loud if you’re already thinking in English. Readout loud, too. The practice is practice, and even if you don’t have anyone to correct your mistakes, just the act of speaking out loud will help you become more comfortable speaking English.

What is the value of a language if you can not communicate? Sure, we humans have become experts at communicating without opening our mouths – thanks Whatsapp! – but when push comes to shove, speaking a language indeed helps it stick in your head far better than only reading or writing it.

Just think of how many times you’ve heard people say that they “understand, but can’t speak English.” A lot of would-be English speakers have turned talking into a huge insurmountable barrier that only serves to psyche them out. Don’t be like that. Seek out native speakers for an informal language exchange, enrol in a course, or take classes online.

6. Replicate An Immersive Environment Around

Learning a new language for a person can be often fun or frustrating. More the reason why it’s so crucial for the person makes the process more natural, immersive and intuitive and possible so that you can keep it enjoyable and fun. It provides incredible results as one progress through their language learning journey. Of course, visiting the country where your target language is spoken is one of the best ways to go about learning any language. Not only it forces you to get out of your comfort zone but also increase your exposure to the language. This process is the perfect way for you to get in some much-needed conversation practice by socialising with the locals.

Creating an immersive language learning environment is not as hard as you may imagine. It just requires a little bit of experimentation so you can determine how everything fits into your daily schedule and what works for you. By creating an immersive language learning environment from home, you are essentially giving yourself the means to maximise exposure to your target language at any given moment and make the most of your language learning.

7. Make a mistake To Learn More

No one wants to fumble over words or make mistakes.

What if one leaves a bad impression? What if one says something wrong? What if one uses the wrong term by mistake? What if one forgets the specific word at the worst possible moment?

Thoughts like these are common, especially among those of us who have been taught English with a little emphasis on actual talking and a heavy focus on grammar.

Yes, everyone – even native speakers make mistakes. Think about it! Even when we are in our comfort zone, like for example discussing our primary field of expertise, sometimes we just “lose” the right word and must search for it.

The key to becoming more fluent in spoken English is to get those good discussions under your belt to bolster your confidence. The more you use English (or any foreign language, for that matter), the easier it becomes.

8. Focus On Fluency and Twisters, Not Grammar

How often do you stop when you speak in English?

The more you stop while speaking, the less comfortable you become and the less confident you sound. Try challenging yourself to speak without stammering (taking pauses between your words) or stopping the entire time.

This might mean that your whole sentences won’t have to be always grammatically! If one focuses on speaking fluently instead of correctly, the person will still be understood and will sound better. One can fill in the correct word rules and grammar as you learn them better.

Tongue twisters are a series of specific words that are mostly tough to say quickly. One example is: “Where’s the peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked?” Try saying this several times! It’s not that easy.

Such word games help you find the right placement for your tongue and mouth, and can even help your pronunciation.

9. Listen to More And Practise

Listening is an important factor in learning spoken English. Through listening, you can learn these nuances and calibrate your own speech. Spoken English has a rhythm – the pauses, the emphasis (speaking more loudly) on certain parts of the sentence, and the pace (fast or slow). You will spot pronunciation mistakes you’ve been making for years.

One must practice sounding natural by following along with YouTube videos, TV shows or other natural English speech.

Repeat a short clip that you like line by line, or that uses words that you’d use in real life. Try to match the speed, tone and even the dialect (if you can). It doesn’t really matter if someone misses a few words, the important thing is to keep talking. Try or imitate to sound just like the native speakers.

Spoken English can be somewhat different from the more formal written English. You’ll often encounter slangs, contractions, fragments (of sentences), and bruised grammar rules in spoken English. For example, ‘are you gonna come to the college tomorrow’ would be sufficient in spoken English, but would be too informal in most writings.

By the way, listening, like reading, too provides you with the opportunity to improve your vocabulary.

10. Practise To Take Note of New Vocabulary

This tip is a classic one for all good reason: it works! When learning, we often enjoy a new word of phrase so much that forgetting it seems impossible. But trust us, not everything sticks the first time.

To fight this, get into the habit of carrying around a funky notebook or using a tool like Evernote. One must write it down in a context, whenever they hear or read a new word or expression: in a sentence and with its meaning noted. This saves you time as you won’t return to that word in searching again.

On increasing your vocabulary, you will be able to communicate (speak and write) more clearly and using fewer words. You will understand more and people will understand you more easily. Learning new words is an exciting activity — and one you can even practise with the people being around them. Challenge a friend, members of the family, or roommate to learn new words with you.

You will hold the key to a better vocabulary. Such practices help you discover and learn new words to strengthen your use of the English language and expand your vocabulary.

Finally, remember that one must practice putting their new words into your speaking and writing so that one continues to remember them.

11. Learn Word Forms And Phrases, Not Words

Some practice comes much before someone even open your mouth. Learning the different forms of any words make speaking easier by you learn. One should practise while they are learning a new vocabulary. For example, if one has just learned the word write, you should also learn some other forms like wrote and written.

It is essential to know the correct way to use a word in any kind of sentence. This knowledge will help while you speak. You won’t have to pause and think for different words—you’ll know exactly when it would help if you used that word while speaking.

Another critical part of improving English is to learn word phrases, not just words. Beside common vocabulary, common phrases are one of the most important factors that decide whether or not you can speak a new language well in a short period. If a person wants to improve their skills in English speaking quickly, they must learn the way native speakers speak, learn the phrases they often use.

You might be using correct vocabulary and grammar, but it’s still not how a native speaker would say it. For sounding more natural when you speak, one must take help from expressions and phrases.

12. Prepare Yourself For Uncertain Situations

Suppose you are learning to speak English for a particular reason. For example, if you are learning English to make friends in America? Probably then you do need to learn the dialect of American English. If you are learning English so that you can get a job in an English-speaking company? In such a case, practise English that will help you in an interview.

Take some time to notice how you really speak in your native language and get the dialect.

Learn the words and phrases you do use most often and how to say your most commonly used words and phrases in English. As one does in their native language, knowing them in English will help them speak in English, as well.

One can practice what they might have to say before one goes to a place where one has to speak English. For example, if you’re going to a restaurant, then prepare yourself for the conversations you might have in a restaurant or how it’s sound like? Answer the questions that a waiter might ask you. Try talking about food in the menus. You’ll feel more confident if you’re prepared!

13. Learn and Make Use Of The Exceptions

You probably know that the language English is full of exceptions to its rules if you’ve been learning English for a while.

A lot of learners will get annoyed at this, but here’s a suggestion on what you can do: Make use of those exceptions in order to speak better English!

It would be indeed impossible to learn all the exceptions of the English language, but one can definitely focus on groups of exceptions and should learn groups of one or two every week.

The next step is to use the exceptions you’ve learned while you speak. Just take the exceptions and try to use them as much as possible in your conversations, and soon these exceptions will become so common for you that you’ll just naturally start using them.

14. Joining Online Spoken English Courses

You may not have a partner to speak, but guess what now you have free online speaking courses of English!

Learning online is becoming quite popular. Besides, the offer is sometimes is so huge (very big) that many times the course fee is actually zero.

Learning English online is an excellent idea since being able to speak, write and understand English is such an important skill. Interactive and in-depth online classes and modules make learning English online easier.

Whether someone is interested in learning how to speak or expanding your career opportunities, read and write English for educational purposes, learning English online is an excellent way to develop a valuable, important new skill.

There are literally hundreds of courses online that can help you improve your English speaking skills. I’ve mentioned three that I’m sure will help you with that:

• Professional English Speaking: If you need to improve your conversation skills for work, this is the perfect course for you.

• English For Asia: Many of us don’t need to do business in continents like Asia, but unfortunately Asia is just the setting. Certain course focuses on speaking and business English, and has a primary goal to teach a person about how to deliver the perfect oral presentation.

• Effective Speaking And Writing English: Boost your writing and speaking skills thanks to the techniques included in this amazing course.

15. Be Creative While Speaking

If we pose a little bit of creativity, then improving our English speaking skills can be fun. Always use it to your advantage whatever “fun” means to you, and include the language in it.

For example, try looking around, sitting on your couch. Find an interesting object to describe in English. If you’re just starting, you might use short sentences and easy vocabulary. But the better you get in describing, the better you’ll get at this small exercise!

Creative journaling in English is something you can try to improve your spoken English. A lot of people think that journalism and journaling are the same as keeping a diary, but it’s actually so much more!

Finally, always try to make your own life a little difficult. No, I’m not crazy. Have you ever been in a situation where you got stuck because you couldn’t remember a word while trying to say something in English? Do that on purpose! Try to talk about anything without using particular words. It’s almost like a real-life game of “Taboo,” but you make the rules.

In other words, be as creative as you want, and use English all the way.

Conclusion

You are or can be your best helper or even your worst enemy while learning to speak fluently! We know it’s not an easy task, but one should try not to worry about how they sound while the person speaks. Just relax!

If you are confused or get stuck, just take a big breath in and start all over. Speak slower if you are required too. Take your time to pause and think about your next sentence.

Do whatever it takes to become more comfortable with speaking English.

Learn Vocabulary: Learning vocabulary is a practice that works overtime and usage of the English language. It’s imperative and essential to building a strong and persuasive speech.

It would be best if you built a useful vocabulary which you can use in your speech as well as writing. One of the advantages of having a strong language is to be able to come up with words that will contribute effectively to the verbal communication you are having with someone.

Gather Information Regarding Basic English Skills and become proficient in the language and speak fluently with confidence. Try the Tips over here and Improve your English Writing and Speaking Skills.

How to Learn English Vocabulary

While writing, a person can take time and think about what to write. Therefore, having a useful vocabulary is essential for both verbal and written communication.

Active and Passive Vocabulary

When you look at the sentences you use, you can easily divide them into two sections: active voice and passive voice. These two components are a small part of the learning of vocabulary.

The functional vocabulary which you use regularly is one that contains active and passive words. However, there are many tricky operational and passive words which you don’t use regularly. Therefore, it’s essential to not look at the active and passive voice of names when you are trying to build a vocabulary.

Importance of Building a Vocabulary

While talking, you would want to convey what you feel to another person. However, when you can’t think of the right words which will be helpful and useful to you while making that sentence. It shows the lack of your vocabulary.

Building a useful vocabulary is essential to have a good conversation. When you know words, and when to use these words in a sentence, it helps you have a meaningful discussion.

It is vital to have a useful vocabulary, especially to have conversations. Otherwise, while talking, you would have to pause and think of words that they want to say next.

Here is an example of alternative sentences you can use while talking:

• The footbridge was destroyed in the floods last night.
• Alternative example: The footbridge was washed away from the floods last night.

How to Improve your Vocabulary

Words that you use for speech and writing are different. You will have to make the distinction while you are talking to people. When you start making the distinction, you are building your vocabulary.

Here are some of how you can build a useful and robust vocabulary:

Step 1: Develop a habit to read: Reading books is a habit where you will continuously learn new words. It’s one of the best ways you develop a useful and robust vocabulary.

Books teach you many different new words, and it shows an example of where you can use them. It’s a habit which exposes you to new and other stories. You can read books and newspapers regularly to improve and build a vocabulary.

Step 2: Use a Dictionary: Another way to build a vocabulary is to use a dictionary and thesaurus. Both the resources are helpful for you to learn synonyms of words in the context that you want to use it.

A dictionary is essential because it will give you all the relevant information about a word. You will learn antonyms, root words and words which are related.

It would be best if you found out the meaning of the words. Therefore, keep a dictionary around you when reading books and newspapers. You will understand the importance of the words you are reading.

Step 3: Note down words: When you are learning new words, make sure to note them and find out their meaning. It’s a habit which is going to help you remember the name. You can use the words you register down in your regular conversations, which will help you build a useful vocabulary.

Noting down words will help build your list of new words you are learning. You can refer to this list while writing as well as remember it when you are talking.

Step 4: Explore words online: When you start making lists of words you are reading regularly, you will be expanding your vocabulary. One step to take it forward is to read terms online.

When you read words online, you can find out their meaning and pronunciation. It’s going to help you read the story as well as know when to use it in your speech.

You can add the new words that you are learning to the list of names. It’s going to help your memory retain the story and its meaning.

Step 5: Use the words you are learning: When you are building a vocabulary, it comprises of two steps. Both actions are essential in the process of creating the language.

Step one of building a vocabulary is to note down words and learn their meaning. You need to understand the terms.

The second step of building a vocabulary is to use the words as a part of your conversation. It would be best if you looked at both these aspects. When you use the comments, you are expanding your vocabulary.

People learn new words and complete the first step. However, they don’t use it in their regular conversations which makes it difficult for them to remember the words. When you don’t use what you are learning in everyday conversations, you will start forgetting the new words that you are learning.

It would be best if you used the words that you are learning while building a vocabulary. One of the best instances to use the words you are learning is while you are at a party. It’s the best way you can test your knowledge and build a useful vocabulary.

Step 6: Subscribe to daily feeds: In the age of technology, one of the best inventions is the internet. On the internet, you will find various feeds which are known as the word of the day feed. When you subscribe to these, you will learn a new name every day.

Word of the day feeds you all the necessary details about a name. You will learn the meaning, example and which part of speech the story belongs to in a sentence.

Vocabulary Building Exercises

It’s important to know what are the ways to build a vocabulary. However, another essential aspect is that you continuously use it in your speech. Here’s a list of vocabulary building exercises that is going to help you.

• Take a sentence and form sentences: When you are learning words, it’s essential to understand when and where you can use these words. Therefore, you need to form a few sentences of these words you are learning. You can speak them out loud when you are trying to understand the story. It’s an exercise of forming sentences and reading them out loud. This exercise is going to be helpful for you while building a vocabulary.
• Collective groups: Another critical activity that you can use to create a language is to collect different group words. There are many groups under which you can place words and then form sentences of the name. Some of the collective groups are food, weather, travel, and clothes. You can start building your vocabulary with simple words which you can to simple cooperative groups.
• Speak about what you see: One of the best ways to expand and grow a language is to speak about what you see. Describing your surroundings is one of the best exercises. You can regularly take a few minutes out of your day and tell your surroundings. You will be learning new things every day, and you will have fun describing your surroundings.

Important Points to Remember while Building a Vocabulary

When you are building a vocabulary, you need to remember a few critical points that you need to remember. Here’s a list of a few essential issues you need to remember:

• Using tricky words in simple conversations isn’t necessary: If you think that using complex expressions in a sentence is fancy. You are doing the wrong thing because it’s unnecessary. One of the best things to do while talking to people is to use words of common parlance.
• Verbs are essential: When you are reading a sentence about a person or something, you will want to know what they are doing. Verbs are critical in describing the action of the person. It’s important to use verbs in sentences. They make the sentence clear to the reader.
• Use the sentences you read somewhere else: There are many occasions when a speaker says something. You remember it for a long time. One of the reasons for this is that these sentences are catchy and unforgettable. If you have heard words, sentences and phrases which are memorable, add it to your vocabulary.

Don’t forget nouns: While building a language, you shouldn’t forget the nouns. Keep your nouns clear as it’s one of the most important parts of speech as well as the sentence.

Conclusion

When you are building a vocabulary, you need to be patient and not rush to learn words. In conclusion, it’s essential to make sure that you take small steps which you will learn and remember. Taking small steps is going to help you build a strong vocabulary over time.

Do you ever feel that there should be some extra hours available in a day? We can assure you that you are not the only one. Especially during the exams, no matter how much time you get, it is simply not enough! You can spend the entire night preparing for exams the following day, but to stay awake in those dark hours is extremely difficult. You might get an immediate sleep attack when you pick that book!

There are quite several ways to stay wide awake while you study. But not all of those ways will be healthy for you. If you are someone who relies on sugary and harmful substances for staying awake, then, in the long run, they are harmful.

Gather Information Regarding Basic English Skills and become proficient in the language and speak fluently with confidence. Try the Tips over here and Improve your English Writing and Speaking Skills.

13 Amazing Healthy Hacks stay Awake and Study Long Houres

Here we have listed some of the amazing healthy hacks for you to stay awake and study at night. If you ever feel your brain shutting down again, try these strategies, and be alert!

1. Sleep Well And Take A Power Nap Before You Sit To Study

This is one of the most basic hacks if you’re in for an all-nighter. The time you are spending awake in the night should be well compensated in the day. So you must make sure that you sleep well during the day.

Sleep requirement for our body to stay healthy is approximately 7 to 8 hours. So make sure that you stick to a good sleeping regime. It will be good for you if you don’t under-sleep, or else you might feel sleepy at night.

You can try for a power nap also if you are feeling sleepy while studying. A nap of 20 to 30 minutes will both give you a study break as well as energy. This short burst of energy is enough to keep you alert and keep you focused throughout your study time.

2. Have Sufficient Quantities Of Water

Did you know that dehydration might cause your brain to shut down? (And also shrink your brain!) Yes, you heard it! By drinking sufficient quantities of water, you will be well-hydrated, and it will ensure the proper functioning of your brain while you study.

For your body to stay healthy, you should be drinking at least 2 liters of water per day. It becomes very easy to forget your daily water dose when you concentrate on your studies. But if you keep a bottle of (cold) water by your side or your study table, you will remember every time you look at it. Keep sipping water from it, and be energized.

3. Keep All Sources Of Distraction Away

While you study, you also tend to keep checking your phone for any messages or calls, right? These are all sources of distraction that you should avoid. These distractions take away a lot of time from you (even if you don’t realize it). The topic, which might have taken an hour for you to complete, would probably end up taking two hours!

Keep these distractions away from you. This way, you will stay awake for only the extremely important time. This hack will also help you to concentrate better on your study.

4. Make A Listicle Of Topics Before You Sit To Study

Let’s be real; no matter how hard you might try, you will not be able to complete your entire syllabus overnight. So it is better to make a list of topics beforehand that you might feel more important and easier to cover.

You can start with the easy topics to get some motivation for the night-long study. Keep the list in front of your eyes all the time, and let it inspire you and keep you wide awake. You can cover the less relevant subjects or topics in the next few days in the same way.

5. Read Aloud While You Study And Keep Writing

If you read aloud while you are studying, then it serves three purposes at once. Firstly, it will keep you more focused and engaged. Secondly, as you read and hear what you speak, you tend to retain more of what you are studying. Thirdly, when you keep speaking, no doubt, sleep will stay miles away from you! (Although you might want to keep your voice a bit low. You don’t want to disturb others, do you?)

There will be a similar benefit when you keep writing. Keeping your hands engaged in a rough copy will keep a point or chart about your study’s important points. It will also keep your mind pre-occupied, awake, and alert.

6. Refrain Yourself From Sitting Cosily

Cosiness is probably one of the most cherished friends of sleep. When you sit too comfortably on your bed, there are higher chances of you falling asleep. The best way for you to avoid this is to not study on your bed. Keep the study area separate from your bed.

You should arrange for a study table and a chair. Even your posture while you sit is crucial to keep yourself awake. Try to sit straight on your chair. Keep your room full of bright lights, and it will help you keep your mind awake.

You can also try to change the place where you sit every hour or so. This way, you will definitely not sit comfortably for too long.

7. Have Small Doses Of Caffeine

This is surely not a surprise, right? Caffeine is the best tool if you want to stay up all night. Caffeine kicks in your system in as little as 15 minutes and its effect will last up to 6 or seven hours! But you should take caffeinated products in very small quantities because after you stop drinking them, there are high chances that you will end up crashing heavily.

The best way to get a good dose of refreshment is to combine coffee with power naps. Have a small cup of coffee, then take a quick power nap for half an hour. As soon as you wake up, you will feel refreshed with the effect of coffee rushing in.

8. Study In A Cold Temperature

This might come as a nice wonderment, but it is a proven hack for living through an all-nighter. For sleeping, your body demands a warmer temperature. So if the temperature is warm, it is comfortable, and it will be more difficult on your part to keep the coziness away.

By studying in a bit cold temperature, you will stay alert for a longer time. You can try for a cold compress (apply it to your forehead). So now you know that for a good study, you should be ditching your warm blanket, and you will find yourself not nodding off!

9. Play Some Up-Beat Music

While you study, there are many a time right when you want to give yourself a short break? Take a short break of 5 to 10 minutes and listen to some fast and uptempo beats. This will break off the monotonous studying and kick off the sleep that is starting to set it!

It will be better if you choose some upbeat music. Because if the music is soft and soothing (just like a lullaby!), you might doze off quicker. Did you know that music helps in improving concentration too? Amazing, right? So find your chill jam (not the one where you will sing along) and prepare better for your exam.

10. Explore Acupressure

For a proper recharge to your body, acupressure is very effective. When you feel like you are about to sleep off, give yourself a break for 20 to 30 minutes. Use this break to refresh both your mind and body.

Use this break to apply some acupuncture to the pressure points in your body. This will be relaxing, and in absolutely no time, you will revive all the energy!

11. Protect Your Eyes From Constant Screen Time

The days where you used to study from a book or your notebook are gone. The digital era has hit, and lots of learners spend their time accessing e-books. This takes hours, and sticking such long hours to a laptop screen hurts eyes. This tiredness makes you doze off even quicker!

Every expert suggests that you take a break from the long screen time after every 20 to 30 minutes. Give your eyes a quick message, and protect them from tiredness. This way, you will not fall asleep.

12. Make A Study Group

Study with your intellectual friends to beat all the sleep off your eyes. This way, you will both push yourself to study harder and also work your best. If you start dozing off, you can rely on your friends to wake you up as well.

Talk to your group members about the topic of study, discuss what you have studied. This will keep your brain engaged, and you will also be able to revise all the important points that are needed to cover.

13.Get Your Favorite Chewing Gum

Yes, chewing a piece of gum is bad for our teeth. But this is your last option if all the above hacks fail. Pop one gum in your mouth and your chances of sleeping in the middle of study are quite less.

So, believe in yourself that you can do it! Take refuge in these hacks, and you will easily survive through an all-night study session. Yes, studying all night has never been a fun activity, but it is beneficial if you don’t over exceed yourself. Understand your limits, and you are all good to go. So good luck with your exams and that all-night study session!

With the increase in the demand for the language, everyone is looking for opportunities to become better at the English. In order to ace the language and become comfortable in it, one needs to be good at writing, speaking, grammar, pronunciation and have a strong vocabulary. Even though there are various places to learn English, the best place to start is a high-quality textbook.

Gather Information Regarding Basic English Skills and become proficient in the language and speak fluently with confidence. Try the Tips over here and Improve your English Writing and Speaking Skills.

Best Books to Improve English Speaking Skills

Here we have listed books that you can refer to which will help you in improving your grip over the language, English.

Grammar References Books – Rules are Mentioned.

• Longman’s Student – Grammar of Spoken and Written English 

This book will be one of the best guides for you if you are looking forward to learning how English is used on a daily basis. There are very few attempts in the English language teaching world that helps in connecting spoken and written language together. This book explores ‘grammar and vocabulary together’ which is one of the best ways to learn English.

Why we recommend it: 

• The book has a modern approach to learning English.
• They have a constructive syllabus covering important areas like sentence structures and types of phases.
• The book has been based on 3000 most used words in English.

• Practical English Usage by Michael Swan 

This book has been the go-to English grammar book for many throughout years for many. The book is a guide to English grammar rules as well as a practical guide to English speaking. This book will be highly beneficial if you are willing to understand how the language works.

Why we recommend it:

• Chapters in this book are based on spoken grammar and world English.
• The book has a large part covering vocabulary – which can sometimes be confusing – with numerous examples.
• It has been written in simple language which will make it easier to understand.

• A – Z of English Grammar and Usage 

This book is extremely practical and deals with the subject in a concrete manner. Often grammar references can be monotonous. However, with this book, the process of learning the language will be enjoyable. English teachers use this book to explain grammar in simple terms – it serves excellent help.

Why we recommend it: 

• The book has been organised around words and not abstract grammar system.
• The book concentrates on how the language is used.
• The book deals with practical chapters like letter writing and confusing vocabulary.

Grammar Books that contain Exercises – Elementary Level

• English Grammar Azar 

Betty Azar, the writer of the book, has a more communicative, intuitive approach towards grammar learning. This book has a step by step approach, taking you from one reflexive exercise to another. Some people have been able to learn English grammar from scratch with the help of this book. This book is the learning style for those who can learn better through doing.

Why is this book beneficial: 

• The book has included all the skills of the language – including speaking and learning.
• The book contains a lot of reflective and interactive exercises – not just a rule-remember-practice.

• Wren & Martin 

This book is widely used in schools, and it has a simple approach to the language. The book consists of exercises on almost all topics of English and is highly beneficial for grammar. The book has been used for decades by not only children but also adults who are willing to learn English grammar. You will not need the guidance of any teacher to learn for this book.

Why is this book beneficial: 

• This book consists of exercises that cover all areas of English grammar.
• The book has a decent and straightforward approach which makes the process of learning easier.
• The book has a comfortable and compact approach which makes it suitable for self-study.

• Oxford Course Book: Basic 

The book has been written by Michael Swan, one of the best British grammarians. The book is a collection of practical exercises. It teaches you all the essential structures using real-life examples. The book has three levels: Basic, Intermediate and Advanced.

This book is the upgraded version of the long-loved ‘How English Works’. It uses humour in its texts for exercises and logic structures.

Why is this book beneficial: 

• The book has practical activities based on real life.
• The book has a clear structure, and it can be used for self-study.
• It has a simple approach to the language and can be easily approached by all.
• It guides are in-depth and are suitable for systematic studies.

Grammar Books that contain Exercises – Intermediate Level

• English Grammar in Use 

This book by Raymond Murphy is popular among the ones who are looking forward to merely learning the language. It has a systematic and easy to follow approach. However, often people who are looking for a book to learn about the core of the language and this book might not have the right approach for that.

This book gives a well-structured understanding of English grammar and has a lot of exercises to practise from.

Why we recommend it: 

• The book has many versions that have been translated into many languages.
• The book is the world’s main grammar best-seller.
• It has an evident structure – increasing difficulty level step by step.

• Natural Grammar 

The book Natural Grammar by Scott Thornbury is a favourite of many teachers. The book has an approach to exploring the most frequent structures and word combinations. It does not focus on learning abstract rules of grammar.

This book has been written to truly teach how to use English, and not just learning about English. Each chapter has a detailed description of how to use top words in English in an everyday context. The book also has made the process of understanding easier by using examples, idioms, set, phrasal verbs, expressions and numerous examples.

Why we recommend it: 

• The book has a real-life approach to learning English and not any abstract concepts.
• The structure is very clear – students can learn from it even without the guidance from any teachers.
• The book teaches how to use the top 200 words in English, which is a well-directed effort.

Grammar Books that contain Exercises – Advanced Level

• Longman Advanced Learner’s Grammar 

This book is for those who have been learning English for a while and are looking to go a step forward with complex structures like verb patterns, conditionals and so on. The book is not too long, and it gives a clear idea about everything in a short time.

This book is also recommended to those preparing for English examinations.

Apart from this book, especially being written for exams, this book will also help in completing the gaps and creating a clear concept of the grammar system.

Why is this book beneficial: 

• The book has handy grammar tables for the things that one needs to remember – there is no need for note-taking.
• The book is compact and yet consists of everything you will need to have an understanding of advanced English grammar.
• Apart from the main exercises in each chapter, they have unique Diagnostic Tests before the starting of each chapter.

• Grammar Scan (Upper-intermediate, Advanced, Expert) 

This book will be beneficial for those who are looking forward to checking their knowledge of English grammar in depth. The book is a collection of diagnostic tests on three levels. These tests include all aspects of grammar – including spelling, vocabulary and spoken English.

You can go to the corresponding chapter in Practical English Usage if you make a mistake in the diagnostic tests to learn more. This book is excellent for exam preparation and self-study.

Why we recommend it: 

• This book has an online version available which makes it easier for those who don’t want to buy the book.
• The book has excellent real-life examples of English usage, which makes the process of learning more practical.
• This book is suitable for self-study – you don’t need a teacher or any long course.
• This book enables you to have control over your grammar.

Grammar books for preparation of competitive exams

• Word Power Made Easy

If you are someone who has very poor to basic vocabulary, then this book can be beneficial for you. This book will help you to improve it. It lays the foundation stone of basic vocabulary, starting from the root words and going up to the advanced level of words. This book can be highly beneficial for aspirants preparing for exams like MAT, CAT, XAT, GATE and banking.

The book has been categorised into three sections. It deals with areas like improving vocabulary as well as knowing the correct usage of words. This book is also beneficial in providing a better command on spellings and pronunciation. The book gives a detailed explanation of the usage of words with the most confusing words. The book has an exercise at the end, which will help you in reviewing your preparation.

Why we recommend it: 

• The book is highly beneficial in improving vocabulary.
• It has review exercises at the end of the book which helps in analysing the preparation of one.
• The book has included trivia in between to break the monotony.
• The book uses etymology to help in building knowledge of related words.

• High School English Grammar and Composition Book

This book is top-rated among aspirants of competitive exams. The book deals with the basic concepts of grammar, which makes it easier for students to have a better understanding of it. This book is especially recommended for aspirants who are preparing for RRB, UPSC, Bank PO and other competitive examinations.

Along with the grammar section, this book also consists of comprehensions, sentence building, correct usage of words, composition, and many other important parts of English. The only set back of the book is that the solutions of the exercises are not provided in the book or any online portal.

Why we recommend it: 

• This book is excellent for beginners – it covers grammar and also has exercises to solve that test the writing ability of one.
• The book has a multicolour edition available which increases the user experience.
• The book has provided separate writing space for making notes and points.

• Applied English Grammar and Composition

This book, by Madam Mohan Sharma, is one of the most useful books that help aspirants who are preparing for competitive examinations. This book can be the perfect choice for you to shape your career in the right direction.

The book has been divided into forty-nine chapter which includes – spotting of errors, word power, spelling rules, antonyms, synonyms, homonyms, writing a section, idioms and phrases etc.

Why we recommend it:

• The book covers all aspects of English grammar and has a straightforward yet detailed explanation.
• It gives tips and tricks that will help to solve various types of questions.
• The books are reviewed, revised and updated almost every year to match the examination level.

• Advanced English Grammar 

This book has been authored by Martin Hewings and published by Cambridge University. This book is widely used for competitive examinations and is best suited for an advanced level of learners. The book is for aspirants preparing for SSC, RRB, GATE, CAT and Banking.

This book is a blend between the grammar section and practice exercises. The book gives a detailed explanation of the concepts with a number of useful examples with it. This book has been outlined in such a manner that one can pick any of the units to get started. There are practice exercises at the end of the book with detailed solutions.

Why we recommend it: 

• This book is recommended for advanced level of students
• The book has examples for a better understanding of the concepts.
• The book has practise exercises which are given after the completion of every unit, as well as at the end of the book.
• Solution for every practise exercise has been provided.

The food that one puts into their body can have a significant impact on their brain and how it works. If you are a student and are trying to memorize, process and understand a lot of new information, it is necessary to keep your health in check. Be mindful of what you put into your body.

Choosing to stay healthy can help you in promoting your academic performance, helping you reach your educational goal. Even though it is essential to maintain an overall healthy diet that will keep your body and brain nourished, allowing you to be ready to take on various challenging tasks, researches have shown that certain foods may be necessary especially for the brain health and promoting mental performance.

Gather Information Regarding Basic English Skills and become proficient in the language and speak fluently with confidence. Try the Tips over here and Improve your English Writing and Speaking Skills.

Before we know about what we should eat, let’s learn about why it is necessary to eat well. It is always better to learn about how the food you eat affects one’s body and brain. Making healthy food choices will help one in improving their memory, fuel their brain and help them in excelling your study schedule.

How Does Food Affect Your Brain?

The brain is the most complex and complicated part of one’s body. The brain is like a computer, and it runs millions of processes every day at every moment. The brain never stops working, so it continually needs to be fuelled by glucose, a type of sugar, which operates the brain.

The body obtains glucose from the food that we consume, and it is delivered to the brain through the bloodstream. However, the problem is, the brain is unable to store glucose, so the levels of glucose need to be topped every day.

If the brain is not adequately fuelled, one is most likely to feel irritated and sad. One might also face trouble in sleeping, concentrating, has low memory and difficulty in problem-solving. This is one of the leading reasons why it is necessary to eat well for studying to have a better level of concentration and focus.

Which Foods are The Best Fuels For The Brain?

There are numerous types of foods. However, not all types of foods are beneficial and healthy for the brain. Healthy food for your brain that will help you in studying includes:

• Protein –meat, eggs, fish, poultry, legumes, nuts and seeds dairy products, dried beans and lentils and soy products. Protein helps the brain in sending messages to the rest of the body. It helps in creating brain chemicals that will help one in improving their mood.

• Water –our brain is 73% water and water is essential for keeping the body and brain in a tip-top shape, stimulating proper brain functioning.

• Antioxidants –fruits and vegetables, including berries and pomegranate juice, is high on antioxidants. Antioxidants can help in delaying or even prevent specific effects of ageing on the brain.

• Caffeine –Coffee, tea, and dark chocolate are high in protein. Caffeine, when consumed in small amounts, can help one feel refreshed and more focused.

• Dietary Cholesterol –Egg yolks and dairy contains dietary cholesterol. Our brain relies on cholesterol to create the cells that are needed for sending messages to the rest of the body.

• Omega-3 –Omega-3 is contained in chicken, beef, oilfish, flax seeds and flax oil and eggs. Omega-3s have been found to help the brain is working harder and also helping in improve one’s mental health.

• Monounsaturated fats –olive oil, nuts, avocado, peanut oil and canola oil. Foods containing monounsaturated fats can help in improving your memory and help the brain is working harder, faster, stronger and better.

Top Food Items for The Brain for Studying and Exams

The following food items have been linked to improving brain health and serve as excellent choices when one is cramming for an exam.

Here are the top foods for the brain that help in studying.

• Citrus fruits 

Citrus fruits are extremely nutritious, and their consumption has been associated with a variety of health benefits, along with the promotion of brain health. Citrus fruits such as oranges and grapefruit are rich in flavonoids – including naringin, hesperidin, rutin and quercetin, among others.

These compounds not only have the ability to promote memory and learning but also protect nerve cells from injury – hence warding off mental decline. Studies have shown that drinking citrus fruits may also help in promoting mental performance.

A study performed in 40 young adults showed that drinking 500 ml of 100% orange and grapefruit juice helped in enhancing blood flow to the brain and significantly improving performance on a test that involved matching symbols to numbers in comparison to a control drink.

Even though fruit juices are more concentrated sources of these potential brain-health-promoting compounds, the whole citrus fruits are also rich sources of flavonoids which can also be used as a snack when studying or even preparing for an exam.

• Berries 

Berries are filled with a variety of compounds which may help you in promoting academic performance and also protect that health of your brain. Berries including strawberries, blueberries and blackberries are exceptionally high in flavonoids compounds known as anthocyanins.

Anthocyanins are believed to help in improving mental performance by increasing the flow of blood to the brain, protecting against inflammation, as well as improving specific signalling pathways that help in promoting nerve cell production and cellular processes that are involved in memory and learning.

A number of human studies have shown that berry intake positively affects brain functioning. One study done in 40 people examined the effects of consumption of 400 ml smoothie containing equal amounts of strawberry, blueberry, raspberry and blackberry.

It showed that smoothie led to the quicker response times on attention and task-taking tests and helped the participants in maintaining accuracy on these tests for over 6 hours compared to in a placebo group.

Furthermore, a review including 12 studies done in children, young adults and older adults showed that 8 of the studies reported an improved mental performance – including short-term, long-term, and spatial memory tests, after the consumption of blueberry and blueberry supplements.

However, the researchers have concluded that full well-designed studies are required and essential to confirm this possible benefit.

There are several other studies, including anthocyanin-rich berries which have also reported improvements in mental performance.

• Beets 

Beet products and beet itself is rich in nitrates, which our body converts into a molecule known as nitric oxide. Nitric oxide plays many essential roles in one’s health, including proper blood flow, proper nerve cell communication, and brain function.

Consumption of nitrate-rich beets and beet products has been associated with the improvement in brain functioning in some studies.

A study with 40 adults found that drinking 450 ml of beet juice improved blood flow to the brain and enhanced the performance in a subtraction test, in comparison to a placebo.

Another study in 24 younger and older adults showed that drinking 10 ml of beet juice significantly increased the concentration of blood nitrate and improved reaction time on a mental test in both the age groups, in comparison to a placebo.

One can increase their dietary intake of nitrates by enjoying roasted beets with a meal before any exam or sipping on fresh beet juice when studying.

• Eggs 

Eggs are often known as to as nature’s multivitamin because of the variety of nutrients that they contain. Eggs are particularly rich in nutrients that are necessary for the proper functioning of the brain, including choline, vitamin B12, and selenium.

For instance, selenium is involved in coordination, cognition, memory and motor performance. In contrast, choline is needed for the brain development and production of neurotransmitter acetylcholine that is necessary for memory storage and muscle function.

Vitamin B12 plays a vital role in neurological health and having low levels of this vitamin that impairs brain functioning. However, one must eat the whole egg and not just the egg white. This will help in reaping their potential brain-function-promoting benefits.

• Dark chocolate & cocoa products 

Cocoa contains the highest flavonoid content by weight compared to any other food, which is why products of cocoa-like chocolate significantly contribute to dietary flavonoid intake. Consumption of flavonoid-rich cocoa products may favourably affect your brain health.

A study done with 90 adults having mild mental impairment were asked to drink a cocoa beverage that contained either 45 mg, 520 mg or 990 mg of cocoa flavonoids at per serving once a day for 8 weeks.

At the end of the study, people who consumed the high flavonoid beverage performed significantly better in mental tests than others who had been assigned low flavonoid beverages.

Also, the high and intermediate flavonoid groups had improved insulin sensitivity. This was suggested to be the primary cause for the improved functioning of the brain. Insulin is the hormone that helps in moving sugar from the blood into the cells, where it is used as an energy source.

Other studies have also shown that cocoa intake may help in reducing mental fatigue, improve blood flow to the brain and also boost memory and reaction time taken in mental tasks. Interestingly, flavonoids are able to cross the blood-brain barrier, which is a semipermeable membrane that protects the brain. It directly acts on the areas of the brain that controls attention and memory.

• Fish 

As mentioned earlier in the article, Omega-3s are essential fats that play a vital role in brain health. They are concentrated in fatty fish which are also excellent sources for other brain-health-promoting nutrients such as vitamin B12 and selenium.

It is of no surprise that several studies have linked the consumption of fish to the enhancement of brain function. One study done in 76 Japanese adults showed that higher fish intake is linked with better memory performance and brain health.

Another study done in more than 17000 school students found that an intake of 8 grams of fish each day was significantly associated with better grades in mathematics and German, compared to limited or no fish intake.

However, it was also seen in the study that this association declined in the highest category of fish intake. The researchers have suggested that this may be due to the higher intake of mercury and other harmful pollutants that are found in seafood.

There are many other studies that have linked fish intake to better mental performance and a slower rate of mental decline. This has been attributed to the concentration of essential nutrients – including omega 3 fats present in fish.

• Nuts 

Nuts are filled with nutrients that are vital for brain health, such as vitamin E and zinc. They are also versatile and portable, making them an excellent choice a snack for study time.

Nuts are concentrated sources of protein, fibre and healthy fats. They can help in keeping you fuelled throughout your marathon study sessions. Also, some research has shown that snacking on nuts can even help in improving certain aspects of brain function.

A study done on 64 college students found that adding walnuts to their diet for 8 weeks led to a significant improvement of 11.2% in their ability to interpret verbal information in comparison with a placebo.

A population-based study of 15467 women showed that consuming at least 5 servings of nuts each week was associated with better overall mental status.

Furthermore, another study on 317 children found that intake of nuts was related to the improved reaction time and performance on brain test.

• Red, orange and green vegetables 

Consumption of vegetables is generally associated with the better function of the brain and also promotes the overall health of a person. Red, orange and green vegetables including carrots, peppers and broccoli, contain a variety of beneficial plant compounds such as carotenoid pigments which have been shown to benefit one’s mental performance.

The carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin that is present in them accumulates in the retina of the eye. This accumulation is referred to as the macular pigment optical density (MPOD).

A study done in 51 children between the ages of 7 to 13 showed that MPOD was significantly related to the functioning of the brain and intellectual ability.

Another study with 56 children between the ages of 9 to 9 also found that MPOD was positively associated with academic performance.

On the other hand, lower MPOD has been associated with reducing mental performance. A study done in 4453 adults showed that lower MPOD was associated with more unsatisfactory performance on more insufficient memory, mental tests and slower reaction time.

The vegetable that is richest in lutein and zeaxanthin are parsley, kale, peas, basil, spinach, leeks, carrots, lettuce, broccoli and green and red peppers. Pistachios and eggs are also good sources of zeaxanthin and lutein.

For a satisfying and filling pre-study-session meal that is rich in brain-health-promoting carotenoids, have large spinach and herb salad with chopped red pepper, hard-boiled eggs and sliced carrots. You can also dress the salad with vinegar and drizzle of olive oil along with some handful of chopped pistachios for the extra protein and healthy fats.

Following a healthy diet plan is essential, especially when you are studying or preparing for exams. Your brain and body are working more during your exams, and you need to give it the correct amount of nutrition that it needs.

Although an overall healthy diet and lifestyle is necessary, researches have shown that certain food items may help in enhancing mental performance, making it an excellent option for students.

If you are looking to enhancing your mental performance and improving your overall health, try adding any of the food items that have been listed above in your diet.

Snacks for Study Time

Often students run low on funds and don’t like to spend on nutritious foods as sometimes the foods that are good for one’s nutrition might not necessarily be good for their pocket.

Just because one has limited funds doesdoesn’tn they should be sacrificing on their health. Keep in mind that portion control is vital. There are many go-to and affordable snacks for students that will even meet their budget.

Here is a list of healthy foods and snacks that one can afford on any budget.

1.Bananas

Bananas are filled with vitamins, fibre and potassium and are a perfect on-the-go snack.

2. Carrots

Carrots are cheap, easy and packed with nutrition like natural carbohydrates, protein, calcium, fibre and potassium. A mini packet of carrots on the go is ideal for snacking between classes.

3. String cheese

Cheese is everyone’s favourite. It is easily transportable and is a combination of salt and sugar; it can curb both your salty and sweet cravings. One stick of cheese is only 80 calories filled with calcium and protein.

4. Oatmeal

High in protein and fibre along with being low in fat and calories is not easy to find; which is why oatmeal is a gem of easy and quick foods. It also tastes good and comes in an instant an option which makes it convenient for on students who are on the go.

5. Green tea

Green tea is an excellent alternative to any of the high-caffeinated options, as it not helps in boosting your energy but also provide antioxidants.

6. Apples

If you are looking for a healthy alternative for your chips and dips, slice up an apple and dip the wedges in some almond butter for a delicious and filling anytime snack. For variety, you can also use any organic sugar-free butter as a great-tasting protein-packed dip.

7. Green vegetables

All of us know about is well aware that we should eat our greens but have you ever thought of taking a bag of raw string beans, pea pods or broccoli on the go as a snack. It would be best if you did it as they have the benefits of antioxidants, Vitamin C and more. When looking for vegetable, always go for the greener ones. The greener and leafier the vegetable is, the better it is.

8. Greek yoghurt

As Greek yoghurt is high on protein but low in sugar, it is a snack will keep you sustained and satisfied. Greek yoghurt is available in various flavours, or you can always add some honey, fruits or granola to jazz up the plain flavour.

9. Peanuts

Peanuts are not nuts but a legume. They are cheap and are filled with protein. Peanuts are high in suitable types of fat and are able to keep you full for a longer time than any snacks that are made with an artificial preservative.

If you consume them in 2-ounce portions, peanuts are nearly 300 calories, but they are a good alternative when you are craving a salty snack when studying.

10. Oranges

Other than the benefit of vitamin C, oranges also give you calcium, potassium, healthy carbohydrates and more vitamins. They are high in sugar but are not as bad as a candy bar.

11. Coffee

Coffee in moderate amounts can help in improving the brain function, attention span and focus time due to the caffeine contained in it. However, it should be consumed in moderation; overconsumption can have adverse results.

12. Peanut butter

Peanut butter is an excellent option as a snack. You can always fix yourself some snack that has peanut butter. Peanut butter is nutritious and also a great purchase.

13. Almonds

A handful of almonds can sustain you for an extended period of time. They are made from healthy fats and are also a good source of protein (in moderation). One ounce of almonds holds 14 grams of fat. It is an excellent option as long as one does not over indulges in it, or one might be finding them with some unwanted weight gain.

14. Hummus

Protein-rich hummus is good on almost anything – especially if one is trying to spice up some vegetables.

15. Whole wheat crackers or Pretzels

Pair it either with peanut butter or hummus and you are good to go. Whole wheat is the crucial element here because you are consuming grains which you lose in white crackers or a regular variety of pretzels.

16. Avocado

Avocado is technically a fruit. It has mono-saturated fats, which help in improving blood flow and can also lower blood pressure. Avocados are also an excellent source for vitamin E. However, make sure that you don’t over-consume them as these are fatty fruits – a quarter or half is more than enough for one serving.

17. Roasted Chickpeas

These are the perfect yet healthy alternative for anyone craving a crunchy snack. Chickpeas are an excellent source of fibre and protein. When roasted in the oven with a bit of salt and chilli powder, they taste delicious.

18. Trail Mix

This might be a tricky one as some unhealthy snacks are disguised ass trail mix. It is suggested to make your own or look for a healthier version with dried fruits and nuts. Portion control is also essential to make sure that you are not consuming a ton of trans-fats.

Foods to Avoid During Studying and Exams

Now that we have talked about what foods items to eat when studying let’s discuss about what food items to avoid during exams. It is essential for students to eat healthily and take care of their mental and physical health.

Unfortunately, most of the traditional student diet is not suitable for the brain during exam time. Below we have provided a list of food items and ingredients that can hinder in your brain and body. Avoid the following food items, and you might have a better chance of concentrating on your studies during your exams.

1.Fried food 

Everyone is aware that fried food is bad for you because of the high levels of cholesterol and high levels of saturated fats. When one is studying and don’t have much time to cook, people prefer ordering some takeout or snacking or any chips can be appealing.

Unfortunately, junk foods, especially fried foods, have an adverse effect on the brain. Dr Martha Clare Morris said that saturated fats and cholesterol could block the blood from entering your brain, reducing its power.

The build-up of these compounds, over a long time period, can lead to dementia and even Alzheimer’s diesease. Especially during your exam sessions, you should avoid fried foods to keep your brain healthy.

Rather have: A long-time diet that is high in folic acid and folate can help in improving memory and promotes slow ageing of the brain. Some food item which is ‘folic-y’ such as beans, citrus fruits, avocado, and lentils are some options you can try.

2. Caffeine 

Coffee is the glorious, well-known energy-producing staple beverage for almost every student. Unfortunately, when you consume coffee or any other drink that has caffeine such as soda or any other energy drink, it has an adverse effect on the brain overdone.

As mentioned earlier in the article, coffee, or any other caffeinated drink should only be consumed at a minimal amount. Caffeine creates energy by blocking the sleep-producing chemical adenosine from entering one’s nerves.

Even though this works for providing a short-term energy boost, the long term effect of this can be harmful. The lack of sleep that is caused by caffeine may cause the body to undergo symptoms related to anxiety-like insomnia, heart palpitation and shaking.

Rather have: Sometimes, all we need is a little hydration. Hydration helps in boosting one’s energy and making us feel awake. When you feel like you cannot continue concentrating anymore, sometimes a little hydration is all you need. Don’t hesitate in chugging back a glass of water or two helping your cells to hydrate and energize.

3. Trans-fats 

One thing one must avoid to keep their brain healthy is foods that are high in trans-fat. A study done in 2012 in Neurology showed that eating large amounts of trans-fat has led to brain shrinkage and less processing power.

According to another study, a diet that is high in trans-fat can increase the risk of depression by up to 48%.

Food items those are high in trans-fat including frozen pizza, microwaved popcorn and coffee creamer. Try are and avoid them, especially if are trying to study and concentrate. If you need something to munch on, you can have any one of the snacks that have been mentioned earlier.

Rather have Food items that are rich in vitamin K, which helps in increasing brain power and cognitive functioning. Green vegetables like broccoli and kale are high on these brain-boosting vitamins.

4. Tuna 

Fish is good for brain functioning, and that has been mentioned earlier. After all, the DHA fatty acid that is found in many fish has been linked to improving memory.

However, since a fresh salmon doesn’t exactly fit in the budget of every student hence tuna is often considered as a viable alternative. This is because it is much cheaper. However, in reality, tuna can severely damage your brain.

Years of industrial pollution have severely polluted and tainted the oceans. As a result of which the higher concentration of mercury has also polluted the tuna that lives in the ocean. A high level of mercury in one’s body negatively affects cognitive functioning and can also damage other major organs like the heart.

Rather have: Other fishes like salmon, mackerel and sardines offer higher levels of fatty acid without as much mercury, giving your brain the required amount of DHA for the brainpower.

5. Sugar 

Sugar even though sometimes stimulates, also hits the brainpower pretty hard. A study done in 2015 proved that mice on a higher sugar and higher fat diet suffered cognitively. Not only was their short-term and long-term memory reduced, but also their ability to solve problems also suffered.

What makes sugar even more unremarkable harmful is how seemingly healthy foods – such as whole-wheat bread, yoghurt, canned tomato sauce, juice and dried fruits ins loaded with these kinds of stuff. So be careful with your food selection.

Rather have: A study showed that blueberries help in improving short-term memory by repairing the damaged nerve cells. This study also showed that spinach and strawberries give the same effect to a lesser effect.

Eating meals that are versatile or maintaining a balanced diet most of the time will help you in studying and concentrating better. This will lead to better results both in long-term and short-term. Even though many brain foods may show immediate results, the best results are the ones that show over time.