Ram, Author at NCERT Books

Honor Roll Certificate | Format, How to Get? Benefits and Eligibility

November 8, 2023November 6, 2023 by Ram

Honor Roll Certificate: The honor roll certificate is given to the students who have scored more than average marks in their academic exams by their schools or colleges. The certificate honors them for their excellent performance in academics and also encourages them to perform in the same way, in the future.

The honor roll certificate plays an important role for each student. It signifies the talent of the students with respect to their studies. It denotes how brilliant a student is. The school principal or class teacher is responsible to highlight such bright students and make them feel special. It will also encourage other students who tend to perform well in their academics to want this certificate.

Honor Roll Certificate Importance

Students get energized for the work he/she did at school. Making an honor move endorsement students is simple and it’s exceptionally fulfilling. In many schools, educators know about such understudies who dominate in their scholastics. It’s a method to perceive their endeavors in their scholarly examinations. They are likewise remunerated for taking an interest in extra-curricular exercises. To an understudy it a badge of appreciation for making an honest effort, student can give these authentications.

Ensure students consider the honor move authentication phrasings cautiously. It will assist with passing on student’s messages well. The two understudies and parents like such testaments. It makes an understudy cheerful and it makes his/her folks glad for the accomplishment. These days, instructors and schools give various types of grants to youngsters. In any case, none of them make quite a bit of an effect as an authentication.

Types of Honor Roll Certificate

There could be different types of honor roll certificates based on distinction, marks, grades, etc.

Academic Distinction
Principal’s List of students with distinction
Academic achievement award
Academic award from different colleges or schools

When a year, understudies get these kinds of grants dependent on their presentation. On the off chance that an understudy performed far in excess of what’s generally anticipated, he may get such an award. In colleges, understudies may likewise get on the Dean’s rundown. An understudy would have the option to get on this rundown on the off chance that he/she procures the evaluation required.

Understudies who get this kind of grant get perceived by their school college. The acknowledgment at that point goes into the understudy’s lasting record. Likewise, it shows up on his/her authority transcript. There are additionally discipline-based honors that an understudy gets for carrying on well.

Honor Roll Certificate Format

The honor roll certificate will include the following details:

Name of the student
School or College name
Honored for: (Achievements or accomplishments in academics)
Date
Signature of Principal/Dean
Logo of the School/College

Who Gets the Honor Roll Certificate?

This is the absolute first thing student need to do to get on the way to being essential for the honor roll. Get some information about the prerequisites students need. Students need to understand what GPA students need to get and if there are some other capabilities to meet. Additionally, see whether joining any extra-curricular exercises will help student’s motivation.

Besides student educators, students may likewise address the student’s direction advisor. Inquire as to whether there are any conduct prerequisites related to the honor roll. Consider student’s expertise level and plan out student’s courses likewise. A few courses may affect the computations of student’s GPA. Get some information about taking these courses.

Additionally, when students realize that taking them will help the student arrive at the student’s objective, go on! In the entirety of student’s classes, ensure students meet the evaluation prerequisites. Don’t simply focus on the significant classes; make an honest effort in every one of them. That way, every one of the student’s evaluations will add up and students have a superior possibility of arriving at the necessary by and large GPA.

Observe every one of the forthcoming appraisals so students can read for them. Typically, such evaluations and tasks have an enormous influence on a student’s last grade so attempt to give a valiant effort. At the point when student realize that student has a test, a test or such the following day, ensure student’s all around rested so the student can perform well.

Monitor student’s most current evaluations. In doing this, students will have the option to concentrate on more zones or subjects students are not excelling in. Obviously, students should abandon different subjects. At the point when students are considering, saved more opportunity for the student of the subject are battling in. Yet in addition concentrate for those students are excelling on.

It’s likewise a smart thought to keep an open correspondence with student’s educators. Don’t simply get some information about getting on the honor move toward the starting at that point quit conversing with them after.

How to Get Honor Roll Certificate?

When students understand what they need to do, the following stage is to put forth a concentrated effort. At the point when students in class, focus on student’s educators. This is significant so students comprehend the exercises. Furthermore, in the event that anything is hazy, don’t be reluctant to pose inquiries.

In the event that a student doesn’t give close consideration in class, the student probably won’t have the option to arrive at the honor roll. This is so on the grounds that students missed a portion of the exercises. At that point student can bid farewell to the honor move declaration student were expecting to get before the year’s over.

Achieve student’s schoolwork reliably. Regardless of what sort of schoolwork it is and regardless of where students are put to the side some an ideal opportunity to achieve student’s schoolwork. Indeed, even a solitary task may influence student’s evaluations so do whatever it takes not to miss any.

Educators give out schoolwork to support student’s learning in class so try to do them. Additionally, it’s never a smart thought to leave schoolwork until the latest possible time. At the point when a student does this, the student’s probably going to make a terrible display. This will at that point lessen student’s odds of getting on the honor roll.

While considering phrasing, she will expound on the tasks. Continuously turn in tasks that students have contemplated well. Likewise, incorporate those students who are positive about submitting.

Honor Roll Certificate Advantages

Many of the schools part with tokens to remunerate the understudies who perform better compared to other people. Yet, typically, these tokens wind up social affair dust in their homes. In this way, it doesn’t appear to be the most ideal approach to perceive the endeavors of understudies to perform the above assumptions.

On the off chance that students plan it well, the testament can resemble an authority archive. Truth be told, if the endorsement comes from the school, it really is an authority certification. Instructors can put to make the endorsement look proficient or fun.

Another advantage of giving such declarations is that understudies love getting them. It’s an incredible method to spur student’s understudies and keep them eager. They don’t abandon making an honest effort in school.

Contingent upon the student’s understudy’s level, he/she might have the option to utilize the declaration. Likewise, students can give it for various purposes. An understudy may utilize an honor move endorsement of secondary school while applying for a school.

FAQ’s on Honor Roll Certificate

Question 1.
What is honor roll?

Answer:
Honor roll certificate is issued to the list of students who have earned excellent marks in their academics, by the schools or college.

Question 2.
Who qualifies for the honor roll?

Answer:
Students must score a good GPA (Grade point average) to get recognized as the honor roll. They should have got at least ‘A’ grade in their academics, to get on the list of Principals.

Question 3.
How to create an honor roll certificate?

Answer:
Put your school name and logo, name of the qualifier, statement of recognition, day, date and year, the signature of the principal.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Sanskrit Chapter 4 सदैव पुरतो निधेहि चरणम्

November 8, 2023November 6, 2023 by Ram

We have given detailed NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Sanskrit Ruchira Chapter 4 सदैव पुरतो निधेहि चरणम् Questions and Answers will cover all exercises given at the end of the chapter.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Sanskrit Ruchira Chapter 4 सदैव पुरतो निधेहि चरणम्

अभ्यासः

प्रश्न 1.
पाठे दस गीतं सस्वरं गायत।
उत्तरम्:
शिक्षकसहायतया छात्राः स्वयमेव कुर्वन्तु।

प्रश्न 2.
अधोलिखितानां प्रश्नानाम् उत्तराणि एकपदेन लिखत-
(क) स्वकीय साधनं किं भवति?
उत्तरम्:
स्वकीयबलम्/बलम्।

(ख) पथि के विषमाः प्रखराः?
उत्तरम्:
पाषाणाः।

(ग) सततं किं करणीयम्?
उत्तरम्:
ध्येय-स्मरणम्।

(घ) एतस्य गीतस्य रचयिता कः?
उत्तरम्:
श्रीधर-भास्कर-वर्णेकरः।

(ङ) सः कीदृशः कविः मन्यते?
उत्तरम्:
राष्ट्रवादी।

प्रश्न 3.
मञ्जूषातः क्रियापदानि चित्वा रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत-
निधेहि विधेहि जहीहि देहि भज चल कुरु
यथा- त्वं पुरतः चरणं निधेहि।
(क) त्वं विद्यालयं _________।
(ख) राष्ट्रे अनुरक्तिं _________।
(ग) मह्यं जलं _________।
(घ) मूढ! _________ धनागमतृष्णाम्।
(ङ) _________ गोविन्दम्।
(च) सततं ध्येयस्मरणं _________।
उत्तरम्:
(क) त्वं विद्यालयं चल।
(ख) राष्ट्रे अनुरक्ति विधेहि।
(ग) मह्यं जलं देहि।
(घ) मूढ़! जहीति धनागमतृष्णाम्।
(ङ) भज गोविन्दम्।
(च) सततं ध्येयस्मरणं कुरु!

प्रश्न 4.
मञ्जूषातः अव्ययपदानि चित्वा रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत-
एव खलु तथा परितः पुरतः सदा विना
(क) विद्यालयस्य __________ एकम् उद्यानम् अस्ति।
(ख) सत्यम् __________ जयते।
(ग) किं भवान् स्नानं कृतवान् __________?
(घ) सः यथा चिन्तयति __________ आचरति।
(ङ) ग्राम __________ वृक्षाः सन्ति।
(च) विद्या __________ जीवनं वृथा।
(छ) __________ भगवन्तं भज।
उत्तरम्:
(क) विद्यालयस्य पुरतः एकम् उद्यानम् अस्ति।
(ख) सत्यम् एव जयते।
(ग) किं भवान् स्नानं कृतवान् खलु?
(घ) सः यथा चिन्तयति तथा आचरति।
(ङ) ग्रामं परितः वृक्षाः सन्ति।
(च) विद्यां विना जीवनं वृथा।
(छ) सदा भगवन्तं भज।

प्रश्न 5.
विलोमपदानि योजयत-
NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Sanskrit Chapter 4 सदैव पुरतो निधेहि चरणम् Q5
उत्तरम्:

प्रश्न 6.
लट्लकारपदेभ्यः लोट-विधिलिङ्लकारपदानां निर्माणं कुरुत-
NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Sanskrit Chapter 4 सदैव पुरतो निधेहि चरणम् Q6
उत्तरम्:

प्रश्न 7.
अधोलिखितानि पदानि निर्देशानुसार परिवर्तयत-
NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Sanskrit Chapter 4 सदैव पुरतो निधेहि चरणम् Q7
उत्तरम्:

प्रश्न 8.
उचितकथनानां समक्षम् ‘आम्’, अनुचितकथनानां समक्षं ‘न’ इति लिखत-
NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Sanskrit Chapter 4 सदैव पुरतो निधेहि चरणम् Q8
उत्तरम्:

प्रश्न 9.
वाक्यरचनया अर्थभेदं स्पष्टीकुरुत-
NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Sanskrit Chapter 4 सदैव पुरतो निधेहि चरणम् Q9
उत्तरम्:
(क) परितः (सब तरफ) – गृहं परितः वृक्षाः सन्ति।
पुरतः (सामने) – विद्यालयस्य पुरतः शिवालयः शोभते।

(ख) नगः (पर्वत) – ‘नगः’ इत्यस्य पर्यायः अस्ति-पर्वतः।
नागः (नाग, सर्प) – शिवस्य कण्ठे नागः राजते।

(ग) आरोहणम् (चढ़ना) – पर्वते रात्रौ आरोहणं न करणीयम्।
अवरोहणम् (उतरना) – सः शय्यातः अवरोहणं करोति।

(घ) विषमाः (टेढ़े-मेढ़े, असमान) – पर्वतीय-मार्गाः विषमाः भवन्ति।
समाः (समान, समतल) – समाः मार्गाः शोभन्ते।

योग्यता-विस्तारः
न गच्छति इति नगः। पतन् गच्छतीति पन्नगः।
उरसा गच्छतीति उरगः। वसु धारयतीति वसुधा।
खे (आकाशे) गच्छति इति खगः। सरतीति सर्पः।

डॉ, श्रीधरभास्कर वर्णेकर (1918-2005 ई.) नागपुर विश्वविद्यालय में संस्कृत विभाग के अध्यक्ष थे। उन्होंने संस्कृत भाषा में काव्य, नाटक, गीत इत्यादि विधाओं की अनेक रचनाएँ की। तीन खण्डों में संस्कृत-वाङ्मय-कोश का भी उन्होंने सम्पादन किया। उनकी रचनाओं में ‘शिवराज्योदयम्’ महाकाव्य एवं ‘विकानन्दविजयम्’ नाटक सुप्रसिद्ध हैं।

प्रस्तुत गीत में पज्झटिका छन्द का प्रयोग है। इस छन्द के प्रत्येक चरण में 16 मात्राएँ होती हैं। हिन्दी में इसे चौपाई कहा जाता है।

Class 8 Sanskrit Chapter 4 सदैव पुरतो निधेहि चरणम् Summary

पाठ परिचयः
श्रीधरभास्कर वर्णेकर ओजस्विता के कवि हैं। प्रस्तुत गीत में चुनौतियों को स्वीकार करते हुए आगे बढ़ने का आह्वान किया है। वर्णेकर एक राष्ट्रवादी कवि हैं। इस गीत के माध्यम से उन्होंने जन-जागरण तथा कर्मठता का सन्देश दिया है। सदैव सजग रहते हुए बढ़ते रहो।
लोट-विधिलिङ्-प्रयोगः

मूलपाठः
1. चल चल पुरतो निधेहि चरणम्।
सदैव पुरतो निधेहि चरणम्।।

2. गिरिशिखरे ननु निजनिकेतनम्।
विनैव यानं नगारोहणम्॥
बलं स्वकीयं भवति साधनम्।
सदैव पुरतो ………………….. ||

3. पथि- पाषाणा विषमाः प्रखराः।
हिंसाः पशवः परितो घोराः।।
सुदुष्करं खलु यद्यपि गमनम्।
सदैव पुरतो ………………….. ||

4. जहीहि भीतिं भज भज शक्तिम्।
विधेहि राष्ट्र तथाऽनुरक्तिम्।।
कुरु कुरु सततं ध्येय-स्मरणम्।
सदैव पुरतो ………………….. ||

अन्वयः
1. चल चल, पुरतः चरणं निधेहि। सदैव (सदा एव) पुरतः चरणं निधेहि।

2. निज-निकेतनं ननु गिरिशिखरे (विद्यते)। यानं विना एव नग-आरोहणम् (करोमि)। स्वकीयं बलं साधनं भवति। सदैव पुरतः …………………।

3. पथि विषमाः, प्रखरा: (च) पाषाणा: (वर्तन्ते।)। परितः हिंसाः, घोरा: (च) पशवः (विद्यन्ते)। यद्यपि गमनं खलु सुदुष्करम्। सदैव पुरतः ………………….।

4. भीतिम् इति जहि, शक्ति भज भज। तथा राष्ट्रे अनुरक्तिं विधेहि।

सतत ध्यये-स्मरणं कुरु कुरु। सदैव पुरतः चरणं विधेहि।

सन्धिविच्छेदः
पुरतो निधेहि = पुरतः + निधेहि।
विनैव = विना एव।
नगारोहणम् = नग + आरोहणम्।
सदैव – सदा एव।
पाषाणा विषमा: = पाषाणा: विषमाः।
परितो घोराः = परितः + घोराः।
यद्यपि = यदि + अपि।
जहीति = जहि + इति।
तथानुरक्तिम् = तथा + अनुरक्तिम्।

पदार्थबोध:
सदैव = हमेशा (सर्वदैव, सदा)।
पुरतः = आगे (अग्रे, अग्रत:)।
निधेहि = रखो (वर्धस्व, कुरु)।
गिरिशिखरे – = पर्वत की चोटी पर (पर्वतशिखरे)।
निजनिकेतनम् = अपना घर (वासः, स्वग्रहम्, स्वनिवासः)।
विनैव (विना + एव) = बिना ही (ऋते एव)।
नगः = पर्वत (गिरिः, पर्वतः)।
स्वकीयम् = अपना (आत्मीयम्, निजम्, स्वम्)।
पथि = मार्ग में (मार्गे)।
पाषाणा: = पत्थर (प्रस्तराः)।
विषमाः = टेढ़े-मेढ़े (कुटिलाः, असामान्याः)।
प्रखराः = तीखे, तेज (तीक्ष्णा:)।
हिंसाः = हिंसक (हिंसका:)।
परितः = चारों ओर (अभितः, सर्वतः)।
घोराः – भयंकर (भयंकराः, भयावहाः)।
सुदुष्करम् = अत्यधिक कठिन (अतिकठिनम्)।
जहि = छोड़ दो (त्यज्)।
भज = भजो, जपो (जप)।
विधेहि = करो (कुरु)।
अनुरक्तिम् = स्नेह, प्रेम (स्नेहम्)।
सततम् = लगातार (निरन्तरम्)।
ध्येयस्मरणम् = उद्देश्य का स्मरण (लक्ष्यस्मरणम्)।
कुरु = करो (कुरुष्व, सम्पादय)।

सरलार्थ:
1. चलो, चलो, आगे कदम बढाओ। सदैव आगे कदम बढ़ाओ।
2. मेरा निवास पर्वत की चोटी पर है। यान के बिना ही मैं पर्वतारोहण करता हूँ। अपना बल ही (मुख्य) साधन होता है। सदैव आगे कदम बढ़ाओ।
3. मार्ग में टेढ़े-मेढ़े और नुकीले पत्थर हैं। चारों तरफ भयंकर व हिंसक पशु हैं जबकि गमन बहुत कठिन है। (फिर भी) सदैव आगे कदम बढ़ाओ।
4. भय को त्याग दो। शक्ति को भजो (सेवन करो)। स्वदेश से अनुराग (प्रेम) करो। अपने लक्ष्य का निरन्तर ध्यान रखो। सदैव आगे कदम बढ़ाओ।

NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Sanskrit Shemushi Chapter 2 स्वर्णकाकः

November 8, 2023November 6, 2023 by Ram

We have given detailed NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Sanskrit Shemushi Chapter 2 स्वर्णकाकः Questions and Answers will cover all exercises given at the end of the chapter.

Shemushi Sanskrit Class 9 Solutions Chapter 2 स्वर्णकाकः

अभ्यासः

प्रश्‍न 1.
अधोलिखितानां प्रश्नानाम् उत्तराणि संस्कृतभाषया लिखत :

(क) निर्धनायाः वृद्धायाः दुहिता कीदृशी आसीत्?
उत्तर:
निर्धनायाः वृद्धायाः दुहिता विनम्रा मनोहरा च आसीत्।

(ख) बालिकया पूर्व किं न दृष्टम् आसीत्?
उत्तर:
बालिकया पूर्व स्वर्णकाक: न दृष्टः आसीत्।

(ग) रुदन्ती बालिका काकः कथम् आश्वासयत्?
उत्तर:
काकः प्रोवाच : मा शुचःअहं तुभ्यं तण्डुल मूल्यं दास्यामि।

(घ) बालिका किं दृष्ट्वा आश्चर्यचकिता जाता?
उत्तर:
बालिका स्वर्णमयं प्रासादं दृष्ट्वा आश्चर्यचकिता जाता।

(ङ) बालिका केन सोपानेन स्वर्णभवनम् आससाद?
उत्तर:
बालिका स्वर्णसोपानेन स्वर्णभवनं आससाद।

(च) सा ताम्रस्थाली चयनाय किं तर्क ददाति?
उत्तर:
सा अकथयत् : “अहं निर्धनाडिस्म, अत: माम्रस्थाल्यामेव भोजनं करिष्यामि।”

(छ) गर्विता बालिका कीदृशं सोपानम् अयाचत् कीदृशं च अप्राप्नोत।
उत्तर:
गर्विता बालिका स्वर्णसोपानं अयाचत् परं ताम्रमयं अप्राप्नोत्।

प्रश्‍न 2.
(क) अधोलिखितानां शब्दानां विलोमपद विलोमपद पाठात् चित्वा लिखत

पश्चात् ………
हसितुम् ……..
अध: ………..
श्वेतः ……….
सूर्यास्त: ………
सुप्तः ……….

उत्तर:

पश्चात् – पूर्वम्
हसितुम् – रोदितुम्
अध: – उपरि
श्वेत: – कृष्णः
सूर्यास्त: – सूर्योदयः
सुप्तः – प्रबुद्धः

(ख) सन्धिं कुरुत

नि + अवसत्
सूर्य + उदयः
वृक्षस्य + उपरि
हि + अकारयत्
च + एकाकिनी
इति + उक्त्वा
प्रति + अवदत्
प्र + उक्त म्
अत्र + एवं
तत्र + उपस्थिता
यथा + इच्छम्

उत्तर:

नि + अवसत् – न्यवसत्
सूर्य + उदयः – सूर्योदयः
वृक्षस्य + उपरि – वृक्षस्योपरि
हि + अकारयत् – हुयकारयत्
च + एकाकिनी – चैकाकिनी
इति + उक्त्वा – इत्युक्त्वा
प्रति + अवदत् – प्रत्यवदत्
प्र + उक्तम् – प्रोक्तम्
अत्र + एव – अत्रैव
तत्र + उपस्थिता – तत्रोपस्थिता
यथा + इच्छम् – यथेच्छम्

प्रश्‍न 3.
स्थूलपदान्यधिकृत्य प्रश्ननिर्माण कुरुत

(क) ग्रामे निर्धना स्त्री अवसत्।
उत्तर:
ग्रामे का अवसत्?

(ख) स्वर्णकाळ निवारयन्ती बालिका प्रार्थयत्।
उत्तर:
कं निवारयन्ती बालिका प्रार्थयत्?

(ग) सूर्योदयात् पूर्वमेव बालिका तपस्थिता।
उत्तर:
कस्मात् पूर्वमेव बालिका तत्रोपस्थिता?

(घ) बालिका निर्धनमातुः दुहिता आसीत्।
उत्तर:
बालिका कस्याः दुहिता आसीत्?

(ङ) लुब्धा वृद्धा स्वर्णकाकस्य रहस्यमभिज्ञातवती।
उत्तर: लुब्धा वृद्धा कस्य रहस्यमभिज्ञातवती?

प्रश्‍न 4.
प्रकृति – प्रत्यय – संयोगं कुरुत

हस् + शतृ
भक्ष् + शत
वि + लोकृ + ल्यप्
नि + क्षिप् + ल्यप्
आ + गम् + ल्यप्
दृश् + क्त्वा
शी + क्त्वा
वृद्ध + टा
सुत + टाप्
लघु + तमप्

उत्तर:

हस् + शतृ – हस्न
भक्ष् + शत – भक्षयन्
वि + लोक + ल्यप् – विलोक्य
नि + क्षिप् + ल्यप् – निक्षिप्य
आ + गम् + ल्यप् – आगत्य
दृश् + क्त्वा – दृष्ट्वा
शी + क्त्वा – शयित्वा
वृद्ध + टाप् – वृद्धा
सुत + टाप् – सुता
लघु + तमप् – लघुतमम्

प्रश्‍न 5.
प्रकृति – प्रत्यय – विभागं कुरुत

हसन्तम्
रोदितुम्
वृद्धा
भक्षयन्
दृष्ट्वा
विलोक्य
निक्षिप्य
आगत्य
शयित्वा
सुता
लघुतमम्

उत्तर:

हसन्तम् – हस् + शतृ
रोदितुम् – रुद् + तुमुन्
वृद्धा – वृद्ध + टाप्
भक्षयन् – भक्ष् + शत्
दृष्ट्वा – दृश् + क्त्वा
विलोक्य – वि + लोक + ल्यप्
निक्षिप्य – नि + क्षिप् + ल्यप्
आगत्य – आ + गम् + ल्यप्
शयित्त्वा – शी + क्त्वा
सुता – सुत + टाप
लघुतमम् – लघु + तमप्

प्रश्‍न 6.
अधोलिखितानि कथनानि कः/का, कं/कां च कथयति

कथनानि – कः/का – कं/काम्

(क) पूर्व प्रातराशः क्रियाताम् – ………. – …………..
(ख) सूर्यातपे तण्डुलान् खगेभ्यो रक्ष – ………. – …………..
(ग) तण्डुलान् मा भक्षय – ………. – …………..
(घ) अहं तुभ्यं तण्डुलमूल्यं दास्यामि – ………. – …………..
(ङ) भो नीचकाक! अहमागता, मां तण्डुलमूल्यं प्रयच्छ – ………. – …………..
उत्तर :
कथनानि – क:/का – कं/काम्

(क) पूर्व प्रातराशः क्रियाताम् – स्वर्णकाकः – बालिकाम्
(ख) सूर्यातपे तण्डुलान् खगेभ्यो रक्ष – वृद्धा – बालिकाम्
(ग) तण्डुलान् मा भक्षय – बालिका – स्वर्णकाकम्
(घ) अहं तुभ्यं तण्डुलमूल्यं दास्यामि – स्वर्णकाकः – बालिकाम्
(ङ) भो नीचकाक! अहमागता, – लुब्धाबालिका – स्वर्णकाकम्

प्रश्‍न 7.
उदाहरणमनुसृत्य कोष्ठकगतेषु पदेषु पञ्चमीविभक्तेः प्रयोग कृत्वा रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत –

यथा – मषूक: बिलाद् बहिः निर्गच्छति। (बिल)
(क) जनः ………. बहिः आगच्छति। (ग्राम)
(ख) नद्यः ……………… निस्सरन्ति। (पर्वत)
(ग) ……………… पत्राणि पतन्ति। (वृक्ष)
(घ) बालकः ……………… विभेति। (सिंह)
(ड) ईश्वरः ……………… त्रायते। (क्लेश)
(च) प्रभुः भक्तं ……………… निवारयति। (पाप)
उत्तर
(क) जनः ग्रामाद् बहिः आगच्छति।
(ख) नद्यः पर्वतेभ्यः निस्सरन्ति।
(ग) वृक्षात् पत्राणि पतन्ति।
(घ) बालकः सिंहाद् विभेति।
(ङ) ईश्वर: क्लेशात् त्रायते।
(च) प्रभुः भक्तं पापात् निवारयति।

व्याकरणात्मकः बोध:

1. पदपरिचय: – (क)

(क) कस्मिंश्चिद् : किम् (पु.) शब्द, सप्तमी विभक्ति, एकवचन। (कस्मिन् +चित्) किम् शब्द के विभिन्न रूपों के साथ चित् या चन जोड़ देने से हिन्दी में किसी, कोई, कुछ अर्थ निकलता है। अर्थात् अनिश्चयात्मक सर्वनाम वाले शब्द बन जाते हैं।

(ख) एतावृशः – एतद् (पु.) शब्द, प्रथमा विभक्ति, एकवचन। (एतद् + दृशः) संस्कृत में दृक्, दृश् शब्द किसी भी सर्वनाम शब्द के साथ लगकर ………जैसा, ……….समान अर्थ देते हैं। जैसे : एतादृश: : ऐसा (इस के जैसा) कीदृशः कीदृक् = कैसा, किम् + दृश + दृक्।
मादृशः = मुझ जैसा अष्मद् + दृश। एतद् + दृक् = एतादृक् (इस जैसा, ऐसा)।

(ग) तस्मिन् – तत् (पु.) शब्द,सप्तमी विभक्ति, एकवचन। निश्चयात्मक सर्वनाम शब्द। एक प्रकार से आगे आने वाले शब्द से पूर्व समानाधिकरण सम्बन्ध के साथ विशेषण की भाँति प्रयुक्त होता है। जैसे
(तस्मिन् ग्राम) = उस गाँव में।
(तेन काकेन) = उस कौवे ने।

मा तण्डुलमूल्यं प्रयच्छ

(तां बालिकाम्) : उस बालिका को।

पदपरिचय: (ख)

(i) न्यवसत् – नि + वस् धातु लङ्ल कार, प्रथम पुरुष, एकवचन। निवास करता था।
(ii) उपाजगाम – उप + आ + गम् धातु. लिट्लकार, प्रथम पुरुष, एकवचन। समीप आया।
(iii) आदिदेश – आ + दिश् धातु, लिट्लकार, प्रथम पुरुष, एकवचन। आदेश (आज्ञा) दिया।
(iv) मा शुचः – ‘मा’ निषेधार्थक अव्यय पूर्वक शुच् ध तु. लोट्लकार, मध्यम पुरुष, एकवचन। निषेधार्थ में माइका पूर्व प्रयोग (शोक मत करो)।
(v) लेभे – लम् (आ.प.) धातु लिट्लकार प्रथम पुरुष एकवचन। ली।
(vi) आससाद – आ + सद् धातु. लिट्लकार, प्रथम पुरुष, एकवचन। पहुंची।
(vii) प्रावोचत् – प्र + वच् धातु लङ्लकार, प्रथम पुरुष, एकवचन, बोली।

प्रकृति : प्रत्ययविभाग

(क) निक्षिप्य – नि + क्षिप् + ल्यप्। रखकर।
(ख) समुड्डीय – सम् + उड्ड + ल्यप्! उड़कर।
(ग) दृष्टः – दृश्ः + क्तः। देखा।
(घ) हसन्तम् – हस् + शतृ = हसन्, द्वितीया विभक्ति। एकवचन।
(ङ) निवारयन्ती – नि + वृ + शतृ + डीप। हटाती हुई।
(च) प्रहर्षिता – प्र + हर्ष + इतच्, प्रसन्न। अत्यधिक खुश।
(छ) स्वर्णमयम् – स्वर्ण + मयट्. मयट् प्रत्यय। (तद्धित) विशेषण।
या संज्ञा शब्दों के परछे उसका विकार अर्थ में जुड़ता है। सोने का बना। स्वर्ण का विकार, जैसे : आभूषण, सिंहासन, स्वर्णकाक।
इसी प्रकार रजतमयम् – चांदी का बना (विकार)
ताम्रमयम् – ताँचे का विकार, जैसे : ताम्बे का बर्तन।
(ञ) लुब्धा – लुभ् + क्तः + टाप्। लोभयुक्त।
(त) प्रोक्तम् – प्र + वच् + क्तः। कहा गया।
(थ) निर्भसंयन्ती – निर् + भर्त्स + णिच् + शत् + डीप्।

Class 9 Sanskrit Shemushi Chapter 2 स्वर्णकाकः Summary Translation in Hindi

पुरा कस्मिंश्चिद् ग्रामे ……. समुड्डीय तामुपाजगाम।

सन्दर्भ: प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी संस्कृत की पाठ्य : पुस्तक ___ “शेमुषी” (प्रथमोभागः) के “स्वर्णकाकः” नामक पाठ से संकलित किया गया है। प्रस्तुत कहानी के माध्यम से, लोभ रूपौ बुराई से दूर रहने की शिक्षा दी जा रही है।

सरलार्थ: पुराने समय में किसी गाँव में एक निर्धन वृद्धा स्त्री रहा करती थी। उसकी एक विनम्र, सुन्दर पुत्री थी। एक दिन माता ने थाली में चावल रखकर पुत्री को आदेश दिया : “पुत्री, सूर्य की धूप में (रखे) चावलों की पक्षियों से रक्षा करना।” कुछ समय बाद एक विचित्र कौवा उड़कर उसके समीप आया।

नैतादृशः स्वर्णपक्षो …………… निद्रामपि न लेभे।

सरलार्थ: ऐसा सोने के पंख तथा चांदी की चोंच वाला सोने का कौवा उसने पहले कभी नहीं देखा था। उसे चावल खाते हुए तथा हंसते हुए देखकर बालिका (लड़की) रोने लगी। उसको हटाती हुई लड़की ने प्रार्थना की : “तुम चावलों को मत खाओ”। मेरी माता अत्यन्त निर्धन है। सोने के पंखों वाले कौवे ने कहा : “तुम दुःखी मत होओ”। तुम कल सूर्य उगने से पहले गाँव से बाहर पीपल वृक्ष के पीछे आ जाना। __मैं तुम्हे चावलों का मूल्य दे दूंगा। प्रसन्न हुई बालिका का (रात में) नींद भी नहीं आई।

सूर्योदयात्पूर्वमेव सा …………………. भवनमाससाद।

सरलार्थ: (अगले दिन) सूर्य उगने से पूर्व ही वह लड़की वहाँ उपस्थित हो गई। वहाँ वृक्ष के ऊपर देखकर वह आश्चर्य से चकित हो गई, क्योंकि वहाँ एक सोने का बना महल था। जब कौआ सोकर उठा तब उसेने सोने की खिड़की में से बालिका को अत्यन्त हर्षपूर्वक कहा : अहो! तुम आ गई. ठहरो, मैं तुम्हारे लिए सीढ़ी उतारता हूँ। तुम बताओ : सीढ़ी सोने की हो या चांदी की अथवा ताँबे को? कन्या बोली : “मैं एक निर्धन माता की पुत्री हूँ, ताँबे की सीढ़ी से ही आ जाऊँगी”। परन्तु (सोने के कौवे द्वारा उतारी) सोने की सीढ़ी से वह स्वर्णभवन (सोने के महल) में पहुंच गई।

चिरकालं भवने ……………….. स्वगृहं गच्छ।

सरलार्थ: बहत काल तक, महल में सजी अनोखी वस्तुओं को देखकर बालिका हैरान हो गई। उसको थका हुआ देखकर कौवा बोला : “पहले तुम थोड़ा प्रातः कालीन नाश्ता कर लो, बताओ तुम सोने की थाली में भोजन करोगी, या फिर चाँदी की थाली में, अथवा ताम्बे की थाली में? बालिका ने कहा : “मैं निर्धन, ताम्बे की थाली में ही खा लूंगी।” ___ लेकिन तब वह बालिका आश्चर्य से चकित हो गई जब सोने के कौवे ने उसे सोने की थाली में भोजन परोसा। बालिका ने आज तक ऐसा स्वादिष्ट भोजन नहीं खया था। कौवा बोला : “हे बालिका! मैं चाहता हूँ कि तमम हमेशा यहीं पर रहो, परन्तु (घर पर) तुम्हारी माता अकेली है। अतः तुम शीघ्र ही अपने घर चली जाओ”।

इत्युक्त्वा काकः ………………. मूल्यम्।

सरलार्थ: ऐसा कहकर कौवे ने कक्ष (कमरे) के अन्दर से तीन सन्दूकें निकालकर उस लड़की को कहा : “बालिका! तुम स्वेच्छा से कोई एक सन्दूक ले लो। बालिका ने सब में छोटी सन्दूक लेते हुए कहा : “मेरे चावलों का इतना ही मूल्य

गृहमागत्य तया …………….. सजाता।

सरलार्थ: घर पर आकर जब उसने उस सन्दूक को खोला तो उसमें बहुमूल्य हीरों को देखकर वह अत्यन्त प्रसन्न हुई और उस दिन से वह धनी हो गईं।

तस्मिन्नेव ग्रामे …………. हाकारयत्।

सरलार्थ: उसी गाँव में एक अन्य लोभी बुढ़िया रहा करती थी। उसकी भी एक पुत्री थी। (पहली वृद्धा की समृद्धि को देख) ईर्ष्यावश उसने सोने के कौवे का रहस्य पता लगा लिया। उसने भी धूप में चावलों को रखकर अपनी पुत्री को रखवाली हेतु लगा दिया। उसी तरह से सोने के पंख वाले कौवे ने चावल खाते हुए, उसको भी वहीं पर बुला लिया। सुबह वहाँ जाकर वह लड़की कौवे को धिक्कारती हुई जोर से

बोली: “अरे नीच कौवे। लो मैं आ गई, मुझे मेरे चावलों का मूल्य दो।” कौआ बोला : “मैं तुम्हारे लिए सीढ़ी उतारता हूँ।”
तो तुम बताओ कि तुम सोने की बनी सीढ़ी से आओगी. चाँदी __ की सीढ़ी से या फिर ताम्बे की सीढ़ी से? गर्वभरी (घमण्डयुक्त)
बालिका ने कहा : “मैं तो सोने की बनी सीढ़ी से आऊँगी”, किन्तु सोने के कौवे ने उसके लिए ताम्बे की बनी सीढ़ी ही दी। सोने के कौवे ने उसे भोजन भी ताम्बे के बर्तन में ही कराया।

प्रतिनिवृत्तिकाले …………… पर्यत्यजत्।

सरलार्थ: लौटने (विदाई) के समय सोने के कौवे ने कक्ष (कमरे) के अन्दर से तीन सन्दूकें लाकर उसके सामने रखी। लोभ से परिपूर्ण मन वाली उस लड़की ने उनमें से सबसे बड़ी सन्दूक ली। घर पर आकर वह लालची लड़की जब उस सन्दूक को खेलती है तो उसमें वह एक भयङ्कर काले साँप को देखती है। लालची बालिका को लालच का फल मिल गया। उसके पश्चात् उसने लोभ को बिल्कुल त्याग दिया।

Increment Letter Samples, Template, Format Guide | How to write an Increment Letter?

November 8, 2023November 6, 2023 by Ram

Increment Letter is a formal letter that states the increase in the salary of an employee. In general, Increment Letters are given whenever an employee performs well, or at the beginning of the financial year or as per the company’s policy. In fact, you can Request a Salary Increment if you haven’t received it for a long time. If you request a hike in salary the letter should include details on the efforts put by you in the organization.

If the Salary Increment Letter is given by an Employer to the Employer the letter should congratulate the employee. The Letter must be framed in a polite tone and to know on How to write an Increment Letter refer to the further modules. Check out Increment Letter Samples, When to Use a Salary Increment Letter.

Avail Letter Writing Topics for all kinds of categories in one place and be aware of different writing styles.

When to Use a Salary Increment Letter?

The first and foremost thing you need to understand about Salary Increment or Pay raise is when to use them. If at all you feel like you are putting in extra efforts and feel like you are not compensated enough writing a Salary Increment Letter is a good idea.

Remember this type of letter is not about complaining and you need to be formal and polite while addressing so that the employer can send it to the HR Department.

Increment Letter Samples

Have a look at the Salary Increment Letter Samples attached for your reference. You can use these examples to understand on what details to entail in it. They are in the following fashion

Salary Increment Letter

Increment Letter Example

FAQs on Increment Letter

1. What is an Increment Letter?

Increment Letter is also known as Appraisal Letter and is a document stating the salary increment given by the employer to the employee.

2. How do I write an Increment Letter?

Keep the following points in mind before drafting an Increment Letter. They are along the lines

Name and Designation.
Address.
Date.
Name and designation of the person to whom the letter is addressed.
Company/Organization Name.
Salutation [Dear, Mr./Ms/Mrs.]
Mention the purpose of writing the letter.
Your achievements or accomplishments.

3. How do I request an Increment?

Before you request for an Increment keep the points and ask for an Increment at the right time.

Start on a positive note. The first 2-3 lines of your salary increment request letter should express how much you have enjoyed working on the project/department/with the team.
State the reason.
Present some facts.
Talk about the amount.
End on a positive note.

NCERT Solutions for Class 6 Sanskrit Chapter 3 शब्द परिचयः 3

November 7, 2023November 6, 2023 by Ram

NCERT Solutions for Class 6 Sanskrit Ruchira Chapter 3 शब्द परिचयः 3

अभ्यासः

पाठ का सम्पूर्ण सरलार्थ-

शब्दपरिचयः
NCERT Solutions for Class 6 Sanskrit Chapter 3 शब्द परिचयः 3 1

पाठ्य-पुस्तक के प्रश्न-अभ्यास

प्रश्नः 1.
मौखिकम् उच्चारणं कुरुत

चित्रम् – चित्रे – चित्राणि
पुष्पम् – पुष्पे – पुष्पाणि
पात्रम् – पात्रे – पात्राणि
नेत्रम् – नेत्रे – नेत्राणि
व्यजनम् – व्यजने – व्यजनानि
उद्यानम् – उद्याने – उद्यानानि
द्वारम् – द्वारे – द्वाराणि
उत्तर:
विद्यार्थी स्वयं उच्चारण करें।

प्रश्नः 2.
(क) अधोलिखितानां शब्दानां वर्णविच्छेदं प्रदर्शयत
यथा-
व्यजनम् = व् + य् + अ + ज् + अ + न् + अ + म्
पुस्तकम् = …………………
विद्वान् = …………………
चिन्हम् = …………………
आद्वादः = …………………
आह्वानम् = …………………
उत्तर:
पुस्तकम् = प् + उ + स् + त् + अ + क् + अ + म्
विद्वान् = व् + इ + द् + व् + आ + न्
चिन्हम् = च् + इ + ह् + न् + अ + म्
आबादः = आ + ह् + ल् + आ + द् + अः
आह्वानम् = आ + ह् + व् + आ + न् + अ + म्

(ख) वर्णसंयोजनं कृत्वा कोष्ठके पदं लिखत
यथा
1. प् + र् + अ + ह् + ल् + आ + द + अः = प्रबादः
2. अ + प् + अ + र् + आ + ह् + ण् + अः = …………………
3. द् + व् + आ + द् + अ + श् + अः = …………………
4. द् + व् + आ + र् + अ + म् = …………………
5. व् + इ + श् + व् + आ + स् + अः = …………………
6. प्+र् + अ + त् + य् + अ + क् + + अ + म् = …………………
उत्तर:
2. अपराह
3. द्वादशः
4. द्वारम्
5. विश्वासः
6. प्रत्यक्षम्

प्रश्नः 3.
चित्राणि दृष्ट्वा तेषां संस्कृतपदानि लिखत्
NCERT Solutions for Class 6 Sanskrit Chapter 3 शब्द परिचयः 3 6
उत्तर:
1. नेत्रे
2. दर्पणम्
3. रेलयानम्
4. छत्राणि
5. छात्राः
6. विमाने
7. द्वारम्

प्रश्नः 4
चित्रं दृष्ट्वा उत्तरं लिखत-
NCERT Solutions for Class 6 Sanskrit Chapter 3 शब्द परिचयः 3 7
उत्तर:
1. अश्वाः धावन्ति
2. बालाः क्रीडन्ति
3. मयूरौ नृत्यतः
4. पत्राणि पतंन्ति
5. बालिके नृत्यतः

प्रश्नः 5.
निर्देशानुसारं वाक्यानि रचयत
यथा- एतत् पतति। (बहुवचने) – एतानि पतन्ति।
(क) एतत् फलम्। (बहुवचने) – ……………………..
(ख) एते व्यजने। (एकवचने) – ……………………..
(ग) एतानि यानानि। (द्विवचने) – ……………………..
(घ) भ्रमरः गुञ्जति। (बहुवचने) – ……………………..
(ङ) मयूरः नृत्यति। (द्विवचने) – ……………………..
उत्तर:
(क) एतानि फलानि
(ख) एतत् व्यजनम्
(ग) एते याने
(घ) भ्रमराः गुञ्जन्ति
(ङ) मयूरौ नृत्यतः

प्रश्नः 6.
उचितपदानि संयोज्य वाक्यानि रचयत-
1. कोकिले – विकसति
2. पवनः – नृत्यन्ति
3. पुष्पम् – उत्पतति
4. खगः – वहति
5. मयूराः – गर्जन्ति
6. सिंहाः – कूजतः
उत्तर:
1. कोकिले कूजतः।
2. पवनः वहति।
3. पुष्पम् विकसति।
4. खगः उत्पतति।
5. मयूराः नृत्यन्ति।
6. सिंहाः गर्जन्ति।

NCERT Solutions for Class 6 Sanskrit

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics Chapter 10 Wave Optics

November 9, 2023November 6, 2023 by Ram

Download NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics Chapter 10 Wave Optics Free PDF from this page and kickstart your exam preparation efficiently. Once you begin your preparation of physics ch 10 with these NCERT Solved Question and answers then you can grasp all the concepts of Wave Optics easily.

Also, it helps you in clarifying any type of complex doubts in theory concept questions or numerical problem-solving questions. Well, simply follow the NCERT 12th Physics Solutions Ch 10 and get a good grip on all the topics and subtopics of the chapter wave optics. These NCERT Solutions are available in both Hindi and English mediums for your sake of comfort while learning the Wave Optics Concepts.

Class 12 Physics NCERT Solutions Chapter 10 Wave Optics

Once you’re done with preparing Ray optics then just come on the way to start your preparation with chapter 10 ie., Wave Optics. In chapter 10, students will get in-depth knowledge about the topics and subtopics of wave optics. Start from the Introduction to Wave optics and concepts like Huygens principles, reflection & refraction in plane waves, polarisation, diffraction, refraction, interference of light waves, incoherent and coherent addition of waves are very important in Ch 10 Wave Optics Class 12 Physics.

Make the most out of the resources NCERT Exercises Solutions PDF available and score full marks in Chapter 10 Wave Optics Physics Board exams and also in the competitive exams.

Class	12
Subject	Physics
Book	Physics
Chapter Number	10
Chapter Name	Wave Optics

NCERT Exercise Solutions for Class 12 Physics Ch 10 – Wave Optics

Kickstart your preparation and gain more subject knowledge in Chapter 10 by studying all NCERT Solutions of Class 12 Maths Ch 10 Wave Optics Solved Exercises and Miscellaneous Exercises. Well, Students of CBSE along with other state boards can follow these NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics Wave Optics ch 10 to score.

Question 1.
Monochromatic light of wavelength 589 nm is incident from air on a water surface. What are the wavelength, frequency and speed of
(a) reflected, and
(b) refracted light ? Refractive index of water is 1.33. (C.B.S.E. Sample Paper 1991)
Answer:
(a) For reflected light wavelength is unchanged i. e.
X = 589 x 10^-9 m = 589 nm
Also, speed of light in air c = 3 x 10⁸ m s ^-1

Question 2.
What is the shape of the wavefront in each of the following cases :
(a) Light diverging from a point source.
(b) Light emerging out of a convex lens when a point source is placed at its focus.
(c) The portion of the wavefront of light from a distant star intercepted by the Earth.
Answer:
(a) Spherical
(b) Plane
(c) Plane.

Question 3.
(a) The refractive index of glass is 1.5. What is the speed of light in glass ? (Speed of light in vacuum is 3.0 x 10⁸ m s^-1)
(b) Is the speed of light in glass independent of the colour of light ? If not, which of the two colours red and violet travels slower in a glass prism ?
Answer:
(a) Here ,n=105,c=3.0 x10⁸ ms^-1speed of light when passing through glass depends on colour of light. λ_r > λ_υ , therefore the speed of violet light is less than the red light.

Question 4.
In a Young’s double-slit experiment, the slits are separated by 0.28 mm and the screen is placed 1.4 m away. The distance between the central bright fringe and the fourth bright fringe is measured to be 1.2 Determine the wavelength of light used in the experiment.
Answer:

Question 5.
In Young’s double slit experiment using monochromatic light of wavelength λ, the intensity of light at a point on the screen where path difference is λ is K units. What is the intensity of light at a point where path difference is λ/2 ?
Answer:

Question 6.
A beam of light consisting of two wavelengths 650 nm and 520 nm is used to obtain interference fringes in a Young’s double slit experiment.
(a) Find the distance of the third bright fringe on the screen from the central maximum for wavelength 650 nm.
(b) What is the least distance from the central maximum where the bright fringes due to both the wavelengths coincide ?
The distance between two slits is 2 mm and distance between the plane of the slits and the screen is 1.2 m.
Answer:
(a) λ = 650 nm = 650 x 10^-9 m,
d = 2 mm = 2 x 10^-3 m,
D = 1.2 m
Distance of mth bright fringe from the central maximum is given by

Question 7.
In a double-slit experiment, the angular width of a fringe is found to be 0.2° on a screen placed 1 m away. The wavelength of light used is 600 nm. What will be the angular width of the fringe if the entire experiment apparatus is immersed in water ? Take
refractive index of water to be 43
Answer:

Question 8.
What is the Brewster angle for air to glass transition? (Refractive index of glass = 1.5.)
Answer:
For air to glass transition,
n = tan i_p where i = Brewster angle
.’. 1.5 = tan i or i_p = tan^-11.5 = 56.3°

Question 9.
Light of wavelength 5000 A falls on a plane reflecting surface. What are the wavelength and frequency of the reflected light ? For what angle of incidence is the reflected ray normal to the incident ray ?
Answer:
Here X = 5000 A = 5000 X 10^-10 m,
c =3 x 10⁸ m s^-1Wave length of reflected light
= Wavelength of incident light = 5000 Å

Question 10.
Estimate the distance for which ray optics is good approximation for an aperture of
4 mm and wavelength 400 nm.
Answer:
Here X = 400 nm = 400 x 10^-9 m, Aperture, a = 4 mm = 4 X 10^-3 m
.’. Distance for which ray optics is good approximation is Fresnel’s distance

Question 11.
The 6563 Å Hα line emitted by hydrogen in a star is found to be red-shifted by 15Å. Estimate the speed with which the star is receding from the Earth.
Answer:

Negative sign shows that the star is receding away from the earth.

Question 12.
Explain how Corpuscular theory predicts the speed of light in a medium, say, water, to be grater than the speed of light in vacuum. Is the prediction confirmed by experimental determination of the speed of light in water ? If not, which alternative picture of light is consistent with experiment ?
Answer:
According to Corpuscular theory, when light in the form of particles enters into denser medium from a rarer medium, a force of attraction comes into play on the particles normal to the surface. Thus, the component of velocity normal to the surface of water increases where as the component of velocity parallel to surface does not change. Therefore,

velocity in water is greater than velocity of light in air. However, in actual case, c > υ. Huygen’s wave theory of light is consistent with the experiment.

Question 13.
You have learnt in the text how Huygens’ principle leads to the laws of reflection and refraction. Use the same principle to deduce directly that a point object placed in front of a plane mirror produces a virtual image whose distance from the mirror is equal to the object distance from the mirror.
Answer:
Let there be a point object A at a distance y from a plane mirror. Treating this point to be a point source of light, we can assume spherical wave fronts progressing from A of radius y. Let there be no mirror then after time t the wave front will reach A’ as wave front I. If a mirror is placed as shown in the figure then image will be formed at A’ represented by II.

It is seen that OA’ = OA i. e. virtual image is formed at a distance equal to the distance of object from the mirror.

Question 14.
Let us list some of the factors, which could possibly influence the speed of wave propagation :
(1) nature of the source,
(2) direction of propagation.
(3) motion of the source and/or observer.
(4) wavelength
(5) intensity of the wave.
On which of these factors, if any, does
(a) the speed of light in vacuum,
(b) the speed of light in a medium (say, glass or water), depend ?
Answer:
(a) Speed of light in vacuum is an absolute constant (universal constant). It is independent of any factor. It is independent of the relative motion between source and observer even.
(b)

Speed of light in a medium depends upon wavelength.
It is independent of the nature of the source and motion of the source relative to the medium.
It depends upon the properties of the medium of propagation and motion of the observer relative to the medium,
It is independent of the direction of propagation for isotropic medium,
It is independent of the intensity of the wave.

Question 15.
For sound waves, the Doppler formula for frequency shift differs slightly between the two situations :
(1) source at rest; observer moving, and
(2) source moving ; observer at rest. The exact Doppler formulae for the case of light waves in vacuum are, however, strictly identical for these situations. Explain why this should be so. Would you expect the formulae to be strictly identical for the two situations in case of light travelling in a medium ?
Answer:
Sound requires material medium for propagation. Though situations
(1) and (2) may correspond to the same relative motion, yet they are not identical physically as the motion of observer relative to medium may be different in both situations. Hence, Doppler effect for sound cannot be same in both situations. Light when passing through material medium is also governed by different Doppler formulae for
(1) source at rest ; observer moving and
(2) source moving ; observer at rest.
But when light passes through vacuum the formulae become exactly same for the two different situations because speed of light and frequency/wavelength of light remain unchanged in vacuum.

Question 16.
In double slit experiment using light of wavelength 600 nm, the angular width of a fringe formed on a distant screen is 0.1°. What is the spacing between two slits ?
Answer:

Question 17.
Answer the following questions :
(a) In a single-slit diffraction experiment, the width of the slit is made double the original width. How does this affect the size and intensity of the central diffraction
band ?
(b) In what way is diffraction from each slit related to the interference pattern in a double-slit experiment? (C.B.S.E. 2013, 2013 )
(c) When a tiny circular obstacle is placed in the path of light from a distant source, a bright spot is seen at the center of the shadow of the obstacle.
Explain why ? (C. B. S. E. 2013 )
(d) Two students are separated by a 7 m partition wall in a room 10 m high. If both light and sound waves can bend around obstacles, how is it that the students are unable to see each other even though they can converse easily ? (C.B.S.E. 1990 )
(e) Ray optics is based on the assumption that light travels in a straight line. Diffraction effects (observed when light propagates through small apertures/slits or around small obstacles) disprove this assumption. Yet the ray optics assumption is so commonly used in understanding location and several other properties of images in optical instruments. What is the justification ? (C.B.S.E. 1990)
Answer:
(a) The width of central maxima = 2λD/d.
When the width (d) of slit is doubled, then the width of central diffraction maxima reduces to half and the intensity of the central band increases four times as amplitude of light wave is doubled.
(b) Intensity of fringes produced in double slit experiment is changed due to diffraction pattern superposing due to each slit.
(c) Light waves diffract at the edges of the circular obstacle. These diffracted waves interfere constructively and give rise to the bright spot at the center of the geometrical shadow.
(d) Diffraction is observed when the wave length of the wave is of the order of the size of the obstacle. The wavelength of sound wave (≈ 0.33 m) is larger than the light wave (≈10^-7 m) and is also comparable to wall, so diffraction of sound waves takes place and hence the students can converse easily. On the other hand, the wave length of light is very small as compared to the obstacle e. 1 m high wall so the diffraction of light waves does not take place.
(e) In optical instruments, size of apertures are much larger than the wavelength of light. So diffraction of light is negligible. Hence, the assumption that light can travel in straight line is used in optical instruments.

Question 18.
Two towers on top of two hills are 40 km apart. The line joining them passes 50 m above a hill halfway between the towers. What is the longest wavelength of radio waves, which can be sent between the towers without appreciable diffraction effects ?
Answer:
If A and B are two hills and C is the hill peak mid way

Question 19.
A parallel beam of light of wavelength 500 nm falls on a narrow slit and the resulting diffraction pattern is observed on a screen 1 m away. It is observed that the first minimum is at a distance of 2-5 mm from the center of the screen. Find the width of the slit.( C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:

Question 20.
Answer the following questions :
(a) When a low flying aircraft passes overhead, we sometimes notice a slight shaking of the picture on our TY screen. Suggest a possible explanation.
(b) As you have learnt in the text, the principle of linear superposition of wave displacement is basic to understanding distributions in diffraction and interference patterns. What is the justification of this principle ?
Answer:
(a) When a low flying air craft passes overhead, the metallic body of the air craft reflects the TV signal. A slight shaking of the picture on the TV screen takes place due to the interference of the reflected signal from the air craft and the direct signal received by the antenna.
(b) The linear combination of wave equations is also a wave equation. This is the very basis of the superposition principle.

Question 21.
In deriving the single slit diffraction pattern, it was stated that the intensity is zero at angle of nλ/α. Justify this by suitably dividing the slit to bring out the cancellation.
Answer:
Let us suppose that we have n slits each of width

Therefore, each of the n slits of width d’ each sends zero intensity in the direction 9. As a result, the net resultant of intensity due to n such slits is zero.

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