UPSC Syllabus

UPSC Chemistry Syllabus: UPSC Civil Service Examination includes Chemistry as an Optional Subject.  Chemistry is a popular optional subject due to its rational nature and scoring ability. Students willing to appear in the Chemistry Optional Paper are suggested to follow the syllabus accordingly. By doing so, you can score max. marks in your UPSC Chemistry IAS Optional Paper.

To help such aspirants we have provided UPSC Chemistry Optional Syllabus PDF in the coming modules. You can tap on the link to download the Chemistry Syllabus for UPSC Prelims and Mains.

UPSC CSE Chemistry Optional Syllabus PDF

UPSC Mains Chemistry Optional Subject contains two papers in Civil Service Examination. Each Paper is for 250 Marks and comprises a total of 500 Marks. Many people consider this optional paper for IAS Mains Exam as a part of it overlaps with General Studies Paper – I. You can check out the UPSC CSE Chemistry Syllabus for Mains by referring below.

UPSC Mains Chemistry Syllabus: PAPER – I

1. Atomic Structure:

Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, Schrodinger wave equation (time independent); Interpretation of wave function, particle in a one-dimensional box, quantum numbers, hydrogen atom wave functions; Shapes of s, p and d orbitals.

2. Chemical Bonding:

Ionic bond, characteristics of ionic compounds, lattice energy, Born-Haber cycle; covalent bond and its general characteristics, polarities of bonds in molecules and their dipole moments; Valence bond theory, concept of resonance and resonance energy; Molecular orbital theory (LCAO method); bonding in H2+, H2, He2+ to Ne2, NO, CO, HF, and CN–; Comparison of valence bond and molecular orbital theories, bond order, bond strength and bond length.

3. Solid State:

Crystal systems; Designation of crystal faces, lattice structures, and unit cell; Bragg’s law; X-ray diffraction by crystals; Close packing, radius ratio rules, calculation of some limiting radius ratio values; Structures of NaCl, ZnS, CsCl and CaF2; Stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric defects, impurity defects, semiconductors.

4. The Gaseous State and Transport Phenomenon:

The equation of state for real gases, inter-molecular interactions and critical phenomena and liquefaction of gases, Maxwell’s distribution of speeds, intermolecular collisions, collisions on the wall and effusion; Thermal conductivity and viscosity of ideal gases.

5. Liquid State:

Kelvin equation; Surface tension and surface energy, wetting and contact angle, interfacial tension and capillary action.

6. Thermodynamics:

Work, heat and internal energy; first law of thermodynamics.

Second law of thermodynamics; entropy as a state function, entropy changes in various processes, entropy– reversibility and irreversibility, Free energy functions; Thermodynamic equation of state; Maxwell relations; Temperature, volume and pressure dependence of U, H, A, G, Cp and Cvá and â; J-T effect and inversion temperature; criteria for equilibrium, relation between equilibrium constant and thermodynamic quantities; Nernst heat theorem, introductory idea of third law of thermodynamics.

7. Phase Equilibria and Solutions:

Clausius-Clapeyron equation; phase diagram for a pure substance; phase equilibria in binary systems, partially miscible liquids–upper and lower critical solution temperatures; partial molar quantities, their significance, and determination; excess thermodynamic functions and their determination.

8. Electrochemistry:

Debye-Huckel theory of strong electrolytes and Debye-Huckel limiting Law for various equilibrium and transport properties. Galvanic cells, concentration cells; electrochemical series, measurement of e.m.f. of cells and its applications fuel cells and batteries. Processes at electrodes; double layer at the interface; the rate of charge transfer, current density; overpotential; electro-analytical techniques: Polarography, amperometry, ion-selective electrodes, and their uses.

9. Chemical Kinetics:

Differential and integral rate equations for zeroth, first, second and fractional order reactions; Rate equations involving reverse, parallel, consecutive and chain reactions; branching chain and explosions; effect of temperature and pressure on rate constant; Study of fast reactions by stop-flow and relaxation methods; Collisions and transition state theories.

10. Photochemistry:

Absorption of light; decay of excited state by different routes; photochemical reactions between hydrogen and halogens and their quantum yields.

11. Surface Phenomena and Catalysis:

Absorption from gases and solutions on solid adsorbents, Langmuir and B.E.T. adsorption isotherms; determination of surface area, characteristics, and mechanism of reaction on heterogeneous catalysts.

12. Bio-inorganic Chemistry:

Metal ions in biological systems and their role in ion transport across the membranes (molecular mechanism), oxygen-uptake proteins, cytochromes, and ferredoxins.

13. Coordination Compounds:

(i) Bonding theories of metal complexes; Valence bond theory, crystal field theory, and its modifications; applications of theories in the explanation of magnetism and electronic spectra of metal complexes.

(ii)   Isomerism in coordination compounds; IUPAC nomenclature of coordination compounds; stereochemistry of complexes with 4 and 6 coordination numbers; chelate effect and polynuclear complexes; trans effect and its theories; kinetics of substitution reactions in square-planar complexes; thermodynamic and kinetic stability of complexes.

(iii)   EAN rule, Synthesis structure and reactivity of metal carbonyls; carboxylate anions, carbonyl hydrides, and metal nitrosyl compounds.

(iv)   Complexes with aromatic systems, synthesis, structure, and bonding in metal olefin complexes, alkyne complexes and cyclopentadienyl complexes; coordinative unsaturation, oxidative addition reactions, insertion reactions, fluxional molecules, and their characterization; Compounds with metal-metal bonds and metal atom clusters.

14. Main Group Chemistry:

Boranes, borazines, phosphazenes and cyclic phosphazene, silicates and silicones, Interhalogen compounds; Sulphur – nitrogen compounds, noble gas compounds.

15. General Chemistry of ‘f’ Block Elements:

Lanthanides and actinides; separation, oxidation states, magnetic and spectral properties; lanthanide contraction.

UPSC Mains Chemistry Syllabus: PAPER – II

1. Delocalised Covalent Bonding: Aromaticity, anti-aromaticity; annulenes, azulenes, tropolones, fulvenes, sydnones.
2. (i) Reaction Mechanisms: General methods (both kinetic and non-kinetic) of study of mechanism organic reactions: isotopic method, cross-over experiment, intermediate trapping, stereochemistry; the energy of activation; thermodynamic control and kinetic control of reactions. (ii)  Reactive Intermediates: Generation, geometry, stability, and reactions of carbonium ions and carbanions, free radicals, carbenes, benzynes, and nitrenes.  (iii)   Substitution Reactions: SN1, SN2, and SNi mechanisms; neighboring group participation; electrophilic and nucleophilic reactions of aromatic compounds including heterocyclic compounds–pyrrole, furan, thiophene, and indole.  (iv)    Elimination Reactions: E1, E2, and E1cb mechanisms; orientation in E2 reactions–Saytzeff andHoffmann; pyrolytic syn elimination – Chugaev and Cope eliminations.  (v)    Addition Reactions: Electrophilic addition to C=C and C=C; nucleophilic addition to C=0, C=N,conjugated olefins and carbonyls.  (vi)   Reactions and Rearrangements:
              (a) Pinacol-pinacolone, Hoffmann, Beckmann, Baeyer–Villiger,Favorskii, Fries, Claisen, Cope, Stevens and Wagner-Meerwein rearrangements.
   (b) Aldol condensation, Claisen condensation, Dieckmann, Perkin, Knoevenagel, Witting, Clemmensen, Wolff-Kishner, Cannizzaro, and von Richter reactions; Stobbe, benzoin and acyloin condensations; Fischer indole synthesis, Skraup synthesis, Bischler-Napieralski, Sandmeyer, Reimer-Tiemann, and Reformatsky reactions.
3. Pericyclic Reactions: Classification and examples; Woodward-Hoffmann rules – electrocyclic reactions, cycloaddition reactions [2+2 and 4+2] and sigmatropic shifts [1, 3; 3, 3 and 1, 5] FMO approach.
4. (i) Preparation and Properties of Polymers: Organic polymers–polyethy-lene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, teflon, nylon, terylene, synthetic and natural rubber.(ii) Biopolymers: Structure of proteins, DNA and RNA.
5. Synthetic Uses of Reagents: OsO4, HIO4, CrO3, Pb(OAc)4, SeO2, NBS, B2H6, Na-Liquid NH3, LiAlH4, NaBH4, n-BuLi and MCPBA.
6. Photochemistry: Photochemical reactions of simple organic compounds, excited and ground states, singlet and triplet states, Norrish-Type I and Type II reactions.
7. Spectroscopy: Principle and applications in structure elucidation:

         (i)  Rotational: Diatomic molecules; isotopic substitution and rotational constants.
        (ii)  Vibrational: Diatomic molecules, linear triatomic molecules, specific frequencies of functional groups in polyatomic molecules.  
      (iii)  Electronic: Singlet and triplet states; n π* and π π*  transitions; application to conjugated double bonds and conjugated carbonyls–Woodward-Fieser rules; Charge transfer spectra.  
      (iv)   Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR): Basic principle; chemical shift and spin-spin interaction and coupling constants.
      (v) Mass Spectrometry: Parent peak, base peak, metastable peak, McLafferty rearrangement.

Summary

We wish the information shared above regarding UPSC Chemistry Optional Syllabus has been helpful. If you have any other queries do drop us a comment and we will help you at the earliest possible. Stay in touch with our site for more latest updates on this.

UPSC Botany Syllabus: UPSC Civil Service Examination includes Botany as an Optional Subject.  Botany is a popular optional subject due to its rational nature and scoring ability. Students willing to appear in the Botany Optional Paper are suggested to follow the syllabus accordingly. By doing so, you can score max. marks in your UPSC Botany IAS Optional Paper.

To help such aspirants we have provided UPSC Botany Optional Syllabus PDF in the coming modules. You can tap on the link to download the Botany Syllabus for UPSC Prelims and Mains.

UPSC CSE Botany Optional Syllabus PDF

UPSC Mains Botany Optional Subject contains two papers in Civil Service Examination. Each Paper is for 250 Marks and comprises a total of 500 Marks. Many people consider this optional paper for IAS Mains Exam as a part of it overlaps with General Studies Paper – I. You can check out the UPSC CSE Botany Syllabus for Mains by referring below.

UPSC Mains Botany syllabus (PAPER – I)

1. Microbiology and Plant Pathology:

Structure and reproduction/multiplication of viruses, viroids, bacteria, fungi, and mycoplasma; Applications of microbiology in agriculture, industry, medicine and in control of soil and water pollution; Prion and Prion hypothesis. Important crop diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, mycoplasma, fungi, and nematodes; Modes of infection and dissemination; Molecular basis of infection and disease resistance/defence; Physiology of parasitism and control measures; Fungal toxins; Modelling and disease forecasting; Plant quarantine.

2. Cryptogams:

Algae, fungi, lichens, bryophytes, pteridophytes – structure and reproduction from the evolutionary viewpoint; Distribution of Cryptogams in India and their ecological and economic importance.

3. Phanerogams:

Gymnosperms: Concept of Progymnosperms; Classification and distribution of gymnosperms; Salient features of Cycadales, Ginkgoales, Coniferales and Gnetales, their structure, and reproduction; a General account of Cycadofilicales, Bennettitales and Cordaitales; Geological time scale; Type of fossils and their study techniques. Angiosperms: Systematics, anatomy, embryology, palynology, and phylogeny.

Taxonomic hierarchy; International Code of Botanical Nomenclature; Numerical taxonomy and chemotaxonomy; Evidence from anatomy, embryology, and palynology. Origin and evolution of angiosperms; Comparative account of various systems of classification of angiosperms; Study of angiospermic families – Magnoliaceae, Ranunculaceae, Brassicaceae, Rosaceae, Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Malvaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Apiaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Verbenaceae, Solanaceae, Rubiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Asteraceae, Poaceae, Arecaceae, Liliaceae, Musaceae and Orchidaceae.

Stomata and their types; Glandular and non-glandular trichomes; Unusual secondary growth; Anatomy of C3 and C4 plants; Xylem and phloem differentiation; Wood anatomy.

Development of male and female gametophytes, pollination, fertilization; Endosperm – its development and function; Patterns of embryo development; Polyembryony and apomixes; Applications of palynology; Experimental embryology including pollen storage and test-tube fertilization.

4. Plant Resource Development:

Domestication and introduction of plants; Origin of cultivated plants; Vavilov’s centres of origin; Plants as sources for food, fodder, fibre, spices, beverages, edible oils, drugs, narcotics, insecticides, timber, gums, resins and dyes, latex, cellulose, starch and its products; Perfumery; Importance of Ethnobotany in Indian context; Energy plantations; Botanical Gardens and Herbaria.

5. Morphogenesis:

Totipotency, polarity, symmetry, and differentiation; Cell, tissue, organ and protoplast culture; Somatic hybrids and Cybrids; Micropropagation; Somaclonal variation and its applications; Pollen haploids, embryo rescue methods and their applications.

UPSC Mains Botany syllabus (PAPER-II)

1. Cell Biology:

Techniques of cell biology; Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells – structural and ultra-structural details; Structure and function of extracellular matrix (cell wall), membranes-cell adhesion, membrane transport and vesicular transport; Structure and function of cell organelles (chloroplasts, mitochondria, ER, dictyosomes ribosomes, endosomes, lysosomes, peroxisomes); Cytoskelaton and microtubules; Nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear pore complex; Chromatin and nucleosome; Cell signalling and cell receptors; Signal transduction; Mitosis and meiosis; Molecular basis of cell cycle; Numerical and structural variations in chromosomes and their significance; Chromatin organization and packaging of genome; Polytene chromosomes; B-chromosomes – structure, behaviour and significance.

2. Genetics, Molecular Biology, and Evolution:

Development of genetics; Gene versus allele concepts (Pseudoalleles); Quantitative genetics and multiple factors; Incomplete dominance, polygenic inheritance, multiple alleles; Linkage and crossing over; Methods of gene mapping, including molecular maps (idea of mapping function); Sex chromosomes and sex-linked inheritance, sex determination and molecular basis of sex differentiation; Mutations (biochemical and molecular basis); Cytoplasmic inheritance and cytoplasmic genes (including genetics of male sterility).

Structure and synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins; Genetic code and regulation of gene expression; Gene silencing; Multigene families; Organic evolution – evidence mechanism, and theories. Role of RNA in origin and evolution.

3. Plant Breeding, Biotechnology and Biostatistics:

Methods of plant breeding – introduction, selection and hybridization (pedigree, backcross, mass selection, bulk method); Mutation, polyploidy, male sterility and heterosis breeding; Use of apomixes in plant breeding; DNA sequencing; Genetic engineering – methods of transfer of genes; Transgenic crops and biosafety aspects; Development and use of molecular markers in plant breeding; Tools and techniques – probe, southern blotting, DNA fingerprinting, PCR and FISH.

Standard deviation and coefficient of variation (CV); Tests of significance (Z-test, t-test and chi-square test); Probability and distributions (normal, binomial and Poisson); Correlation and regression.

4. Physiology and Biochemistry:

Water relations, mineral nutrition and ion transport, mineral deficiencies; Photosynthesis – photochemical reactions; photo-phosphorylation and carbon fixation pathways; C3, C4 and CAM pathways; Mechanism of phloem transport; Respiration (anerobic and aerobic, including fermentation) – electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation; Photorespiration; Chemiosmotic theory and ATP synthesis; Lipid metabolism; Nitrogen fixation and nitrogen metabolism; Enzymes, coenzymes; Energy transfer and energy conservation; Importance of secondary metabolites; Pigments as photoreceptors (plastidial pigments and phytochrome); Plant movements; Photoperiodism and flowering, vernalization, senescence; Growth substances – their chemical nature, role and applications in agri-horticulture; Growth indices, growth movements; Stress physiology (heat, water, salinity, metal); Fruit and seed physiology; Dormancy, storage and germination of seed; Fruit ripening – its molecular basis and manipulation.

5. Ecology and Plant Geography:

Concept of ecosystem; Ecological factors; Concepts and dynamics of community; Plant succession; Concept of biosphere; Ecosystems; Conservation; Pollution and its control (including phytoremediation); Plant indicators; Environment (Protection) Act.

Forest types of India – Ecological and economic importance of forests, afforestation, deforestation and social forestry; Endangered plants, endemism, IUCN categories, Red Data Books; Biodiversity and its conservation; Protected Area Network; Convention on Biological Diversity; Farmers’ Rights and Intellectual Property Rights; Concept of Sustainable Development; Biogeochemical cycles; Global warming and climatic change; Invasive species; Environmental Impact Assessment; Phytogeo-graphical regions of India.

Summary

We wish the information shared above regarding UPSC Botany Optional Syllabus has been helpful. If you have any other queries do drop us a comment and we will help you at the earliest possible. Stay in touch with our site for more latest updates on this.

UPSC Anthropology Syllabus: UPSC Civil Service Examination includes Anthropology as an Optional Subject.  Anthropology is a popular optional subject due to its rational nature and scoring ability. Students willing to appear in the Anthropology Optional Paper are suggested to follow the syllabus accordingly. By doing so, you can score max. marks in your UPSC Anthropology IAS Optional Paper.

To help such aspirants we have provided UPSC Anthropology Optional Syllabus PDF in the coming modules. You can tap on the link to download the Anthropology Syllabus for UPSC Prelims and Mains.

UPSC CSE Anthropology Optional Syllabus PDF

UPSC Mains Anthropology Optional Subject contains two papers in Civil Service Examination. Each Paper is for 250 Marks and comprises a total of 500 Marks. Many people consider this optional paper for IAS Mains Exam as a part of it overlaps with General Studies Paper – I. You can check out the UPSC CSE Anthropology Syllabus for Mains by referring below.

UPSC Mains Anthropology Syllabus PAPER – I

1.1 Meaning, scope and development of Anthropology.

1.2 Relationships with other disciplines:

Social Sciences, Behavioural Sciences, Life Sciences, Medical Sciences, Earth Sciences, and Humanities.

1.3 Main branches of Anthropology, their cope, and relevance:

(a) Social-cultural Anthropology.
(b) Biological Anthropology.
(c) Archaeological Anthropology.
(d) Linguistic Anthropology.

1.4 Human Evolution and the emergence of Man:

(a) Biological and Cultural factors in human evolution.
(b) Theories of Organic Evolution (Pre- Darwinian, Darwinian and Post-Darwinian).
(c) Synthetic theory of evolution; Brief outline of terms and concepts of evolutionary biology (Doll’s rule, Cope’s rule, Gause’s rule, parallelism, convergence, adaptive radiation, and mosaic evolution).

1.5 Characteristics of Primates:

Evolutionary Trend and Primate Taxonomy; Primate Adaptations; (Arboreal and Terrestrial) Primate Taxonomy; Primate Behaviour; Tertiary and Quaternary fossil primates; Living Major Primates; Comparative Anatomy of Man and Apes; Skeletal changes due to erect posture and its implications.

1.6 Phylogenetic status, characteristics and geographical distribution of the following:

(a) Plio-Pleistocene hominids in South and East Africa – Australopithecines.
(b) Homo erectus: Africa (Paranthropus), Europe (Homo erectus heidelbergensis), Asia (Homo erectus javanicus, Homo erectus pekinensis).
(c) Neanderthal Man- La-Chapelle-auxsaints (Classical type), Mt. Carmel (Progressive type).
(d) Rhodesian man.
(e) Homo sapiens — Cromagnon, Grimaldi and Chancelede.

1.7 The biological basis of life:

The Cell, DNA structure and replication, Protein Synthesis, Gene, Mutation, Chromosomes, and Cell Division.

1.8  (a) Principles of Prehistoric Archaeology. Chronology:

Relative and Absolute Dating methods.
(b) Cultural Evolution- Broad Outlines of Prehistoric cultures:
(i) Paleolithic
(ii) Mesolithic
(iii) Neolithic
(iv) Chalcolithic
(v) Copper-Bronze Age
(vi) Iron Age

2.1 The Nature of Culture:

The concept and characteristics of culture and civilization; Ethnocentrism vis-à-vis cultural Relativism.

2.2 The Nature of Society: Concept of Society; Society and Culture; Social Institutions; Social groups; and Social stratification.

2.3 Marriage: Definition and universality; Laws of marriage (endogamy, exogamy, hypergamy, hypogamy, incest taboo); Types of marriage (monogamy, polygamy, polyandry, group marriage). Functions of marriage; Marriage regulations (preferential, prescriptive and proscriptive); Marriage payments (bridewealth and dowry).

2.4 Family: Definition and universality; Family, household and domestic groups; functions of family; Types of family (from the perspectives of structure, blood relation, marriage, residence, and succession); Impact of urbanization, industrialization and feminist movements on family.

2.5 Kinship: Consanguinity and Affinity; Principles and types of descent (Unilineal, Double, Bilateral, Ambilineal); Forms of descent groups (lineage, clan, phratry, moiety and kindred); Kinship terminology (descriptive and classificatory); Descent, Filiation, and Complimentary Filiation; Descent and Alliance.

3. Economic organization:

Meaning, scope and relevance of economic anthropology; Formalist and Substantivist debate; Principles governing production, distribution and exchange (reciprocity, redistribution and market), in communities, subsisting on hunting and gathering, fishing, swiddening, pastoralism, horticulture, and agriculture; globalization and indigenous economic systems.

4. Political organization and Social Control:

Band, tribe, chiefdom, kingdom and state; concepts of power, authority and legitimacy; social control, law and justice in simple societies.

5. Religion:

Anthropological approaches to the study of religion (evolutionary, psychological and functional); monotheism and polytheism; sacred and profane; myths and rituals; forms of religion in tribal and peasant societies (animism, animatism, fetishism, naturism and totemism); religion, magic and science distinguished; magicoreligious functionaries (priest, shaman, medicine man, sorcerer and witch).

6. Anthropological theories:

(a) Classical evolutionism (Tylor, Morgan and Frazer)
(b) Historical particularism (Boas); Diffusionism (British, German and American)
(c) Functionalism (Malinowski); Structural- functionlism (Radcliffe-Brown)
(d) Structuralism (L’evi – Strauss and E. Leach)
(e) Culture and personality (Benedict, Mead, Linton, Kardiner and Cora – du Bois).
(f) Neo-evolutionism (Childe, White, Steward, Sahlins and Service)
(g) Cultural materialism (Harris)
(h) Symbolic and interpretive theories (Turner, Schneider and Geertz)
(i) Cognitive theories (Tyler, Conklin)
(j) Post- modernism in anthropology

7. Culture, language, and communication:

Nature, origin and characteristics of language; verbal and non-verbal communication; social context of language use.

8. Research methods in anthropology:

(a) Fieldwork tradition in anthropology
(b) Distinction between technique, method and methodology
(c) Tools of data collection: observation, interview, schedules, questionnaire, Case study, genealogy, life-history, oral history, secondary sources of information, participatory methods.
(d) Analysis, interpretation and presentation of data.

9.1 Human Genetics:

Methods and Application: Methods for study of genetic principles in the man-family study (pedigree analysis, twin study, foster child, co-twin method, cytogenetic method, chromosomal and karyo-type analysis), biochemical methods, immunological methods, D.N.A. technology and recombinant technologies.

9.2 Mendelian genetics in man-family study, single factor, multifactor, lethal, sublethal and polygenic inheritance in man.

9.3 Concept of genetic polymorphism and selection, Mendelian population, Hardy- Weinberg law; causes and changes which bring down frequency – mutation, isolation, migration, selection, inbreeding and genetic drift. Consanguineous and nonconsanguineous mating, genetic load, ge- 40 UPSC Employment News 19 – 25 February 2011 netic effect of consanguineous and cousin marriages.

9.4 Chromosomes and chromosomal aberrations in man, methodology.
(a) Numerical and structural aberrations (disorders).
(b) Sex chromosomal aberrations – Klinefelter (XXY), Turner (XO), Super female (XXX), intersex and other syndromic disorders.
(c) Autosomal aberrations – Down syndrome, Patau, Edward and Cri-du-chat syndromes.
(d) Genetic imprints in human disease, genetic screening, genetic counseling, human DNA profiling, gene mapping and genome study.

9.5 Race and racism, biological basis of morphological variation of non-metric and metric characters. Racial criteria, racial traits in relation to heredity and environment; biological basis of racial classification, racial differentiation and race crossing in man.

9.6 Age, sex and population variation as genetic marker- ABO, Rh blood groups, HLA Hp, transferring, Gm, blood enzymes. Physiological characteristics-Hb level, body fat, pulse rate, respiratory functions and sensory perceptions in different cultural and socio-economic groups.

9.7 Concepts and methods of Ecological Anthropology. Bio-cultural Adaptations – Genetic and Non- genetic factors. Man’s physiological responses to environmental stresses: hot desert, cold, high altitude climate.

9.8 Epidemiological Anthropology: Health and disease. Infectious and non-infectious diseases. Nutritional deficiency related diseases.

10. The concept of human growth and development:

stages of growth – pre-natal, natal, infant, childhood, adolescence, maturity, senescence. – Factors affecting growth and development genetic, environmental, biochemical, nutritional, cultural and socio-economic. – Ageing and senescence. Theories and observations – biological and chronological longevity. Human physique and somatotypes. Methodologies for growth studies.

11.1 Relevance of menarche, menopause and other bioevents to fertility. Fertility patterns and differentials.

11.2 Demographic theories- biological, social and cultural.

11.3 Biological and socio-ecological factors influencing fecundity, fertility, natality and mortality.

12. Applications of Anthropology: Anthropology of sports, Nutritional anthropology, Anthropology in designing of defence and other equipments, Forensic Anthropology, Methods and principles of personal identification and reconstruction, Applied human genetics – Paternity diagnosis, genetic counseling and eugenics, DNA technology in diseases and medicine, serogenetics and cytogenetics in reproductive biology.

UPSC Mains Anthropology Syllabus PAPER – II

1.1 Evolution of the Indian Culture and Civilization

 Prehistoric (Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic and Neolithic – Chalcolithic). Protohistoric (Indus Civilization): Pre- Harappan, Harappan and post- Harappan cultures. Contributions of tribal cultures to Indian civilization.

1.2 Palaeo – anthropological evidence from India with special reference to Siwaliks and Narmada basin (Ramapithecus, Sivapithecus and Narmada Man).

1.3 Ethno-archaeology in India : The concept of ethno-archaeology; Survivals and Parallels among the hunting, foraging, fishing, pastoral and peasant communities including arts and crafts producing communities.

2. Demographic profile of India

Ethnic and linguistic elements in the Indian population and their distribution. Indian population – factors influencing its structure and growth.

3.1 The structure and nature of traditional Indian social system — Varnashram, Purushartha, Karma, Rina and Rebirth.

3.2 Caste system in India- structure and characteristics, Varna and caste, Theories of origin of caste system, Dominant caste, Caste mobility, Future of caste system, Jajmani system, Tribe- caste continuum.

3.3 Sacred Complex and Nature- Man- Spirit Complex.

3.4 Impact of Buddhism, Jainism, Islam and Christianity on Indian society.

4. Emergence and growth of anthropology in India

Contributions of the 18th, 19th and early 20th Century scholar-administrators. Contributions of Indian anthropologists to tribal and caste studies.

5.1 Indian Village:

The significance of village study in India; Indian village as a social system; Traditional and changing patterns of settlement and inter-caste relations; Agrarian relations in Indian villages; Impact of globalization on Indian villages.

5.2 Linguistic and religious minorities and their social, political and economic status.

5.3 Indigenous and exogenous processes of socio-cultural change in Indian society: Sanskritization, Westernization, Modernization; Inter-play of little and great traditions; Panchayati raj and social change;
Media and social change.

6.1 Tribal situation in India

Bio-genetic variability, linguistic and socio-economic characteristics of tribal populations and their distribution.

6.2 Problems of the tribal Communities — land alienation, poverty, indebtedness, low literacy, poor educational facilities, unemployment, underemployment, health and nutrition.

6.3 Developmental projects and their impact on tribal displacement and problems of rehabilitation. Development of forest policy and tribals. Impact of urbanization and industrialization on tribal populations.

7.1 Problems of exploitation and deprivation of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes.

Constitutional safeguards for Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes.

7.2 Social change and contemporary tribal societies: Impact of modern democratic institutions, development programmes and welfare measures on tribals and weaker sections.

7.3 The concept of ethnicity; Ethnic conflicts and political developments; Unrest among tribal communities; Regionalism and demand for autonomy; Pseudo-tribalism; Social change among the tribes during colonial and post-Independent India.

8.1 Impact of Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, Islam and other religions on tribal societies.

8.2 Tribe and nation state — a comparative study of tribal communities in India and other countries.

9.1 History of administration of tribal areas, tribal policies, plans, programmes of tribal development and their implementation.

The concept of PTGs (Primitive Tribal Groups), their distribution, special programmes for their development. Role of N.G.O.s in tribal development.

9.2 Role of anthropology in tribal and rural development.

9.3 Contributions of anthropology to the understanding of regionalism, communalism, and ethnic and political movements.

Summary

We wish the information shared above regarding UPSC Anthropology Optional Syllabus has been helpful. If you have any other queries do drop us a comment and we will help you at the earliest possible. Stay in touch with our site for more latest updates on this.

UPSC Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science Syllabus: UPSC Civil Service Examination includes Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science as an Optional Subject.  Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science is a popular optional subject due to its rational nature and scoring ability. Students willing to appear in the Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science Optional Paper are suggested to follow the syllabus accordingly. By doing so, you can score max. marks in your UPSC Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science IAS Optional Paper.

To help such aspirants we have provided UPSC Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science Optional Syllabus PDF in the coming modules. You can tap on the link to download the Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science Syllabus for UPSC Prelims and Mains.

UPSC CSE Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science Optional Syllabus PDF

UPSC Mains Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science Optional Subject contains two papers in Civil Service Examination. Each Paper is for 250 Marks and comprises a total of 500 Marks. Many people consider this optional paper for IAS Mains Exam as a part of it overlaps with General Studies Paper – I. You can check out the UPSC CSE Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science Syllabus for Mains by referring below.

UPSC Mains Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science Paper – I Syllabus

1. Animal Nutrition

1.1 Partitioning of food energy within the animal. Direct and indirect calorimetry. Carbon – nitrogen balance and comparative slaughter methods. Systems for expressing the energy value of foods in ruminants, pigs and poultry. Energy requirements for maintenance, growth, pregnancy, lactation, egg, wool, and meat production.

1.2 The latest advances in protein nutrition. Energy protein interrelationships. Evaluation of protein quality. Use of NPN compounds in ruminant diets. Protein requirements for maintenance, growth, pregnancy, lactation, egg, wool and meat production.

1.3 Major and trace minerals – Their sources, physiological functions, and deficiency symptoms. Toxic minerals. Mineral interactions. Role of fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins in the body, their sources
and deficiency symptoms.

1.4 Feed additives – methane inhibitors, probiotics, enzymes, antibiotics, hormones, oligosaccharides, antioxidants, emulsifiers, mould inhibitors, buffers, etc. Use and abuse of growth promoters like hormones and antibiotics – the latest concepts.

1.5 Conservation of fodders. Storage of feeds and feed ingredients. Recent advances in feed technology and feed processing. Anti-nutritional and toxic factors present in livestock feed. Feed analysis and quality control. Digestibility trials – direct, indirect and indicator methods. Predicting feed intake in grazing animals.

1.6 Advances in ruminant nutrition. Nutrient requirements. Balanced rations. Feeding of calves, pregnant, work animals and breeding bulls. Strategies for feeding milch animals during different stages of the lactation cycle. Effect of feeding on milk composition. Feeding of goats for meat and milk production. Feeding of sheep for meat and wool production.

1.7 Swine Nutrition. Nutrient requirements. Creep, starter, grower and finisher rations. Feeding of pigs for lean meat production. Low-cost rations for swine.

1.8 Poultry nutrition. Special features of poultry nutrition. Nutrient requirements for meat and egg production. Formulation of rations for different classes of layers and broilers.

2. Animal Physiology

2.1 Physiology of blood and its circulation, respiration; excretion. Endocrine glands in health and disease.

2.2 Blood constituents – Properties and functions-blood cell formation-Haemoglobin synthesis and chemistry-plasma proteins production, classification and properties, coagulation of blood; Haemorrhagic disorders – anticoagulants – blood groups – Blood volume – Plasma expanders – Buffer systems in blood. Biochemical tests and their significance in disease diagnosis.

2.3 Circulation – Physiology of heart, cardiac cycle, heart sounds, heartbeat, electrocardiograms. Work and efficiency of heart-effect of ions on heart function-metabolism of cardiac muscle, nervous and chemical regulation of heart, the effect of temperature and stress on heart, blood pressure and hypertension, osmotic regulation, arterial pulse, vasomotor regulation of circulation, shock. Coronary and pulmonary circulation, Blood-Brain barrier- Cerebrospinal fluid – circulation in birds.

2.4 Respiration – Mechanism of respiration, Transport, and exchange of gases – neural control of respiration-chemo-receptors-hypoxia-respiration in birds.

2.5 Excretion – Structure and function of kidney-formation of urine-methods of studying renal function-renal regulation of acid-base balance: physiological constituents of urine-renal failure-passive venous congestion-Urinary secretion in chicken-Sweat glands and their function. Bio-chemical test for urinary dysfunction.

2.6 Endocrine glands – Functional disorders their symptoms and diagnosis. Synthesis of hormones, mechanism, and control of secretion- hormonal receptors-classification and function.

2.7 Growth and Animal Production- Prenatal and postnatal growth, maturation, growth curves, measures of growth, factors affecting growth, conformation, body composition, meat quality.

2.8 Physiology of Milk Production, Reproduction, and Digestion- Current status of hormonal control of mammary development, milk secretion and milk ejection, Male and Female reproductive organs, their components and functions. Digestive organs and their functions.

2.9 Environmental Physiology- Physiological relations and their regulation; mechanisms of adaptation, environmental factors and regulatory mechanisms involved in animal behavior, climatology – various parameters and their importance. Animal ecology. Physiology of behavior. Effect of stress on health and production.

3. Animal Reproduction

Semen quality- Preservation and Artificial Insemination- Components of semen, the composition of spermatozoa, chemical and physical properties of ejaculated semen, factors affecting semen in vivo and in vitro. Factors affecting semen production and quality, preservation, the composition of diluents, sperm concentration, transport of diluted semen. Deep freezing techniques in cows, sheep, goats, swine, and poultry. Detection of oestrus and time of insemination for better conception. Anoestrus and repeat breeding.

4. Livestock Production and Management

4.1 Commercial Dairy Farming- Comparison of dairy farming in India with advanced countries. Dairying under mixed farming and as specialized farming, economic dairy farming. Starting with a dairy farm, Capital and land requirement, organization of the dairy farm. Opportunities in dairy farming, factors determining the efficiency of dairy animals. Herd recording, budgeting, cost of milk production, pricing policy; Personnel Management. Developing Practical and Economic rations for dairy cattle; supply of greens throughout the year, feed and fodder requirements of Dairy Farm. Feeding regimes for young stock and bulls, heifers and breeding animals; new trends in feeding young and adult stock; Feeding records.

4.2 Commercial meat, egg and wool production- Development of practical and economic rations for sheep, goats, pigs, rabbits, and poultry. Supply of greens, fodder, feeding regimes for young and mature
stock. New trends in enhancing production and management. Capital and land requirements and socio-economic concepts.

4.3 Feeding and management of animals under drought, flood and other natural calamities.

5. Genetics and Animal Breeding

History of animal genetics. Mitosis and Meiosis: Mendelian inheritance; deviations to Mendelian genetics; Expression of genes; Linkage and crossing over; Sex determination, sex influenced and sex-limited characters; Blood groups and polymorphism; Chromosome aberrations; Cytoplasmic inheritance. Gene and its structure; DNA as a genetic material; Genetic code and protein synthesis; Recombinant DNA technology. Mutations, types of mutations, methods for detecting mutations and mutation rate. Trans-genesis.

5.1 Population Genetics applied to Animal Breeding- Quantitative Vs. qualitative traits; Hardy Weinberg Law; Population Vs. individual; Gene and genotypic frequency; Forces changing gene frequency; Random drift and small populations; Theory of path coefficient; Inbreeding, methods of estimating inbreeding coefficient, systems of in-breeding, Effective population size; Breed-ing value, estimation of breeding value, dominance and epistatic deviation; Partitioning of variation; Genotype X environment correlation and genotype X environment interaction; role of multiple measurements; Resemblance between relatives.

5.2 Breeding Systems – Breeds of livestock and Poultry. Heritability, repeatability and genetic and phenotypic correlations, their methods of estimation and precision of estimates; Aids to selection and their relative merits; Individual, pedigree, family and within-family selection; Progeny testing; Methods of selection; Construction of selection indices and their uses; Comparative evaluation of genetic gains through various selection methods; Indirect selection and correlated response; Inbreeding, outbreeding, upgrading, cross-breeding and synthesis of breeds; Crossing of inbred lines for commercial production; Selection for general and specific combining ability; Breeding for threshold characters. Sire index.

6. Extension

Basic philosophy, objectives, concept, and principles of extension. Different Methods adopted to educate farmers under rural conditions. Generation of technology, its transfer, and feedback. Problems and constraints in the transfer of technology. Animal husbandry programs for rural development.

CSE Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science PAPER – 2 Syllabus (IAS/Civils)

1. Anatomy, Pharmacology, and Hygiene

1.1 Histology and Histological Techniques: Paraffin embedding technique of tissue processing and H.E. staining – Freezing microtomy- Microscopy-Bright field microscope and electron microscope. Cytology-structure of cell, organelles and inclusions; cell division-cell types- Tissues and their classification-embryonic and adult tissues-Comparative histology of organs-Vascular. Nervous, digestive, respiratory, musculoskeletal and urogenital systems-Endocrine glands -Integuments-sense organs.

1.2 Embryology – Embryology of vertebrates with special reference to aves and domestic mammals gametogenesis-fertilization-germ layers- foetal membranes and placentation-types of the placenta in domestic mammals-Teratology-twins and twinning-organogenesis -germ layer derivatives- endodermal, mesodermal and ectodermal derivates.

1.3 Bovine Anatomy- Regional Anatomy: Paranasal sinuses of OX- surface anatomy of salivary glands. Regional anatomy of infraorbital, maxillary, mandibuloal-veolar,mental and cornual nerve block. Regional anatomy of paravertebral nerves, pudendal nerve, median ulnar and radial nerves-tibial, fibular and digital nerves-Cranial nerves-structures involved in epidural anesthesia-superficial lymph nodes-surface anatomy of visceral organs of thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities-comparative features of locomotor apparatus and their application in the biomechanics of mammalian body.

1.4 Anatomy of Fowl- Musculoskeletal system-functional anatomy in relation to respiration and flying, digestion and egg production.

1.5 Pharmacology and therapeutic drugs -Cellular level of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. Drugs acting on fluids and electrolyte balance. Drugs acting on Autonomic nervous system. Modern concepts of anaesthesia and dissociative anaesthetics. Autacoids. Antimicrobials and principles of chemotherapy in micro-bial infections. Use of hormones in thera-peutics- chemotherapy of parasitic infec-tions. Drug and economic concerns in the Edible tissues of animals- chemotherapy of Neoplastic diseases. Toxicity due to insecticides, plants, metals, non-metals, zootoxins, and mycotoxins.

1.6 Veterinary Hygiene with reference to water, air and habitation – Assessment of pollution of water, air and soil- Importance of climate in animal health- effect of environment on animal function and performance-relationship between industrializa-tion and animal agriculture- animal housing requirements for specific categories of domestic animals viz. pregnant cows and sows, milking cows, broiler birds- stress, strain and productivity in relation to animal habitation.

2. Animal Diseases

2.1 Etiology, epidemiology pathogenesis, symptoms, postmortem lesions, diagnosis, and control of infectious diseases of cattle, sheep and goat, horses, pigs and poultry.

2.2 Etiology, epidemiology, symptoms, di-agnosis, treatment of production diseases of cattle, horse, pig and poultry.

2.3 Deficiency diseases of domestic animals and birds.

2.4 Diagnosis and treatment of non-specific conditions like impaction, Bloat, Diarrhoea, Indigestion, dehydration, stroke, poisoning.

2.5 Diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorders.

2.6 Principles and methods of immuniza-tion of animals against specific diseases-herd immunity- disease free zones- ‘zero’ disease concept- chemoprophylaxis.

2.7 Anaesthesia- local, regional and gen-eral-preanesthetic medication. Symptoms and surgical interference in fractures and dislocation. Hernia, choking abomasal displacement- Caesarian operations. Rumenotomy-Castrations.

2.8 Disease investigation techniques.-Materials for laboratory investigation- Establishment of Animal Health Centers- Disease free zone.

3. Veterinary Public Health

3.1 Zoonoses. – Classification, definition, role of animals and birds in prevalence and transmission of zoonotic diseases- occupational zoonotic diseases.

3.2 Epidemiology- Principle, definition of epidemiological terms, application of epidemiological measures in the study of diseases and disease control. Epidemiological features of air, water and food borne infections. OIE regulations, WTO, sanitary and phytosanitary measures.

3.3 Veterinary Jurisprudence- Rules and Regulations for improvement of animal quality and prevention of animal diseases – State and central rules for prevention of animal and animal product borne diseases-S P C A- Veterolegal cases- Certificates -Materials and Methods of collection of samples for veterolegal investigation.

4. Milk and Milk Products Technology

4.1 Market Milk: Quality, testing and grad-ing of raw milk. Processing, packaging, storing, distribution, marketing, defects and their control. Preparation of the following milks: Pasteurized, standardized, toned, double toned, sterilized, homogenized, reconstituted, recombined and flavoured milks. Preparation of cultured milks, cultures and their management, yoghurt, Dahi, Lassi and Srikhand. The Preparation of flavoured and sterilized milks. Legal standards. Sanitation requirement for clean and safe milk and for the milk plant equipment.

4.2 Milk Products Technology: Selection of raw materials, processing, storing , distributing and marketing milk products such as Cream, Butter, Ghee, Khoa, Channa, Cheese, condensed, evaporated, dried milk and baby food, Ice cream and Kulfi; byproducts, whey products, butter milk, lactose and casein. Testing, grading, judging milk products- BIS and Agmark specifications, legal standards, quality control and nutritive properties. Packaging, process-ing and operational control. Costing of dairy products.

5. Meat Hygiene and Technology

5.1 Meat Hygiene

5.1.1 Ante mortem care and management of food animals, stunning, slaughter and dressing operations; abattoir requirements and designs; Meat inspection procedures and judgment of carcass meat cuts- grad-ing of carcass meat cuts- duties and func-tions of Veterinarians in wholesome meat production.

5.1.2 Hygienic methods of handling pro-duction of meat- Spoilage of meat and con-trol measures- Post – slaughter physicochemical changes in meat and factors that influence them- Quality improvement methods – Adulteration of meat and detection -Regulatory provisions in Meat trade and Industry.

5.2 Meat Technology

5.2.1 Physical and chemical characteristics of meat- Meat emulsions- Methods of preservation of meat- Curing, canning, ir-radiation, packaging of meat and meat products, processing and formulations.

5.3 By- products- Slaughter house by-products and their utilization- Edible and inedible by products- Social and economic implications of proper utilization of slaughter house by-products- Organ products for food and pharmaceuticals.

5.4 Poultry Products Technology- Chemical composition and nutritive value of poultry meat, pre – slaughter care and manage-ment. Slaughtering techniques, inspection, preservation of poultry meat and products. Legal and BIS standards. Structure, composition and nutritive value of eggs. Microbial spoilage. Preservation and maintenance. Marketing of poultry meat, eggs and products. Value added meat products.

5.5 Rabbit/Fur Animal farming – Rabbit meat production. Disposal and utilization of fur and wool and recycling of waste by products. Grading of wool.

Summary

We wish the information shared above regarding UPSC Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science Optional Syllabus has been helpful. If you have any other queries do drop us a comment and we will help you at the earliest possible. Stay in touch with our site for more latest updates on this.

UPSC Agriculture Syllabus: UPSC Civil Service Examination includes Agriculture as an Optional Subject.  Agriculture is a popular optional subject due to its rational nature and scoring ability. Students willing to appear in the Agriculture Optional Paper are suggested to follow the syllabus accordingly. By doing so, you can score max. marks in your UPSC Agriculture IAS Optional Paper.

To help such aspirants we have provided UPSC Agriculture Optional Syllabus PDF in the coming modules. You can tap on the link to download the Agriculture Syllabus for UPSC Prelims and Mains.

UPSC CSE Agriculture Optional Syllabus PDF

UPSC Mains Agriculture Optional Subject contains two papers in Civil Service Examination. Each Paper is for 250 Marks and comprises a total of 500 Marks. Many people consider this optional paper for IAS Mains Exam as a part of it overlaps with General Studies Paper – I. You can check out the UPSC CSE Agriculture Syllabus for Mains by referring below.

UPSC Agriculture Syllabus (Paper – 1)

Ecology and its relevance to man, natural resources, sustainable management, and conservation. Physical and social environment as factors of crop distribution and production. Agroecology; cropping pattern as indicators of environments. Environmental pollution and associated hazards to crops, animals, and humans. Climate change – international conventions and global initiatives. Greenhouse effect and global warming. Advance tools for ecosystem analysis – Remote sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS).

Cropping patterns in different agro-climatic zones of the country. Impact of high-yielding and short-duration varieties on shifts in cropping patterns. Concepts of various cropping and farming systems. Organic and Precision Farming. Package of practices for production of important cereals, pulses, oilseeds, fibers, sugar, commercial and fodder crops.

Important features and scope of various types of forestry plantations such as social forestry, agro-forestry, and natural forests. Propagation of forest plants. Forest products. Agroforestry and value addition. Conservation of forest flora and fauna. Weeds, their characteristics, dissemination, and association with various crops; their multiplications; cultural, biological, and chemical control of weeds. Soil- physical, chemical and biological properties. Processes and factors of soil formation. Soils of India. Mineral and organic constituents of soils and their role in maintaining soil productivity. Essential plant nutrients and other beneficial elements in soils and plants. Principles of soil fertility, soil testing and fertilizer recommendations, integrated nutrient management.

Biofertilizers. Losses of nitrogen in the soil, nitrogen- use efficiency in submerged rice soils, nitrogen fixation in soils. Efficient phosphorus and potassium use. Problem soils and their reclamation. Soil factors affecting greenhouse gas emission. Soil conservation, integrated watershed management. Soil erosion and its management. Dryland agriculture and its problems. Technology for stabilizing agriculture production in rainfed areas.

Water-use efficiency in relation to crop production, criteria for scheduling irrigations, ways, and means of reducing run-off losses of irrigation water. Rainwater harvesting. Drip and sprinkler irrigation. Drainage of waterlogged soils, quality of irrigation water, the effect of industrial effluents on soil and water pollution. Irrigation projects in India. Farm management, scope, importance and characteristics, farm planning. Optimum resource use and budgeting. Economics of different types of farming systems. Marketing management – strategies for development, market intelligence.

Price fluctuations and their cost; the role of co-operatives in the agricultural economy; types and systems of farming and factors affecting them. Agricultural price policy. Crop Insurance. Agricultural extension, its importance, and role, methods of evaluation of extension programs, socio-economic survey, and status of big, small and marginal farmers and landless agricultural laborers. Training programs for extension workers. Role of Krishi Vigyan Kendra’s (KVK) in the dissemination of Agricultural technologies. Non-Government Organization (NGO) and self-help group approach for rural development.

UPSC Agriculture Syllabus (Paper – 2)

Cell structure, function and cell cycle. Synthesis, structure, and function of genetic material. Laws of heredity. Chromosome structure, chromosomal aberrations, linkage and cross-over, and their significance in recombination breeding. Polyploidy, euploids, and aneuploids. Mutations – and their role in crop improvement. Heritability, sterility and incompatibility, classification and their application in crop improvement. Cytoplasmic inheritance, sex-linked, sex influenced and sex-limited characters.

History of plant breeding. Modes of reproduction, selfing and crossing techniques. Origin, evolution, and domestication of crop plants, the center of origin, the law of homologous series, crop genetic resources- conservation and utilization. Application of principles of plant breeding, improvement of crop plants. Molecular markers and their application in plant improvement. Pure-line selection, pedigree, mass, and recurrent selections, combining ability, its significance in plant breeding. Heterosis and its exploitation.

Somatic hybridization. Breeding for disease and pest resistance. Role of interspecific and intergeneric hybridization. Role of genetic engineering and biotechnology in crop improvement. Genetically modified crop plants. Seed production and processing technologies. Seed certification, seed testing, and storage. DNA fingerprinting and seed registration. Role of public and private sectors in seed production and marketing. Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) issues, WTO issues and its impact on Agriculture. Principles of Plant Physiology with reference to plant nutrition, absorption, translocation and metabolism of nutrients. Soil – water- plant relationship. Enzymes and plant pigments; photosynthesis- modern concepts and factors affecting the process, aerobic and anaerobic respiration; C3, C4, and CAM mechanisms.

Carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism. Growth and development; photoperiodism and vernalization. Plant growth substances and their role in crop production. Physiology of seed development and germination; dormancy. Stress physiology – drought, salt, and water stress. Major fruits, plantation crops, vegetables, spices, and flower crops. Package practices of major horticultural crops. Protected cultivation and high tech horticulture. Post-harvest technology and value addition of fruits and vegetables. Landscaping and commercial floriculture. Medicinal and aromatic plants. Role of fruits and vegetables in human nutrition.

Diagnosis of pests and diseases of field crops, vegetables, orchard and plantation crops, and their economic importance. Classification of pests and diseases and their management. Integrated pest and disease management. Storage pests and their management. Biological control of pests and diseases. Epidemiology and forecasting of major crop pests and diseases. Plant quarantine measures. Pesticides, their formulation, and modes of action.

Food production and consumption trends in India. Food security and growing population – vision 2020. Reasons for grain surplus. National and international food policies. Production, procurement, distribution constraints. Availability of food grains, per capita expenditure on food. Trends in poverty, Public Distribution System and Below Poverty Line population, Targeted Public Distribution System (PDS), policy implementation in context to globalization. Processing constraints. Relation of food production to National Dietary Guidelines and food consumption pattern. Food-based dietary approaches to eliminate hunger. Nutrient deficiency – Micronutrient deficiency: Protein-Energy Malnutrition or Protein-Calorie Malnutrition (PEM or PCM), Micro nutrient deficiency and HRD in the context of work capacity of women and children. Food grain productivity and food security.

Summary

We wish the information shared above regarding UPSC Agriculture Optional Syllabus has been helpful. If you have any other queries do drop us a comment and we will help you at the earliest possible. Stay in touch with our site for more latest updates on this.

You will find complete Syllabus for UPSC Civil Service Examination conducted by the Union Public Service Commission.  Usually, CSE is considered one of the toughest and prestigious examinations held in India. You can access the detailed syllabus for UPSC IAS Exam 2020 from this page.

In general, the Syllabus of UPSC is Split as per three categories namely Prelims, Mains, and Interview. You will have common UPSC Syllabus for Services like IAS, IPS, IFS and, few others, etc. However, different stages of the IAS Exam will have different syllabus. You can also make use of the UPSC Syllabus PDF available in the further modules and understand the topics you need to cover.

• UPSC Prelims Syllabus
• UPSC Mains Syllabus

UPSC Prelims Syllabus

UPSC organizes Preliminary Examination as the first round of the selection process. UPSC frames prelims questions in such a way that you need to have complete knowledge to answer them. UPSC IAS Syllabus concentrates on general and societal awareness and tests it through Objective Type Questions. All the Options are close enough that you end up keeping the wrong option if you aren’t familiar with the entire concept.

Aspirants need to appear for two general studies papers as a part of the Preliminary Examination. General Studies Paper-II is also referred to as the Civil Services Aptitude Test.

UPSC Prelims Exam Pattern

General Studies	No. of Questions	No. of Marks	Duration
Paper-I	100	200	2 Hours
Paper-II	80	200	2 Hours
Total	180	400	4 Hours

Syllabus of UPSC Prelims General Studies Paper – I

• Current events of national and international importance
• History of India and Indian National Movement
• General Science
• Indian Polity and Governance-Constitution, Political System, Panchayati Raj, Public Policy, Rights Issues, etc.
• Indian and World Geography-Physical, Social, Economic Geography of India and the World
• General issues on Environmental ecology, Bio-diversity, and Climate Change – that do not require subject specialization.
  Economic and Social Development-Sustainable Development, Poverty, Inclusion, Demographics, Social Sector Initiatives, etc.

UPSC CSE Syllabus for General Studies Paper-II(CSAT)

• Comprehension
• Decision making and problem-solving
• General mental ability
• Interpersonal skills including communication skills
• Logical reasoning and analytical ability
• Basic numeracy (numbers and their relations, orders of magnitude, etc.) (Class X level), Data interpretation (charts, graphs, tables, data sufficiency, etc. — Class X level).

Also Check: Best UPSC Mains Reference Books for Civil Services that aid your preparation

UPSC Mains Syllabus

Mains Exam is the 2nd Phase of Civil Services Examination. You will be allowed to write the Mains Exam only after qualifying the Prelims Examination. UPSC Mains Exam usually tests the candidate’s ability to present their understanding as per the requirements of the question within a time limit. All together IAS Mains Exam includes 9 Papers of which two are qualifying.

Usually, in Mains Exam you will have descriptive type paper for which you need to write lengthy answers to questions. Apart from the general studies papers, you will have an essay paper in which you need to write 2 essays.

UPSC Civil Services Mains Test Pattern

Paper	Subject	Marks
Paper-A (Qualifying Paper)	Indian Language (One of the Indian Language to be selected by the candidate from the Languages included in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution)	300
Paper-B (Qualifying Paper)	English	300
Paper-I	Essay	250
Paper-II	General Studies-I (Indian Heritage and Culture, History, and Geography of the World and Society)	250
Paper-III	General Studies -II (Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice and International relations)	250
Paper-IV	General Studies -III (Technology, Economic Development, Bio-diversity, Environment, Security and Disaster Management)	250
Paper-V	General Studies -IV (Ethics, Integrity, and Aptitude)	250
Paper-VI	Optional Subject – Paper 1	250
Paper-VII	Optional Subject – Paper 2	250
Sub Total	Written Test	1750

UPSC Civil Services Syllabus for Indian Language & English

• Comprehension of given passages
• Short Essays
• Usage and Vocabulary
• Precis Writing
• Translation from English to the Indian Language and vice-versa.

UPSC CSE Syllabus for Mains General Studies Paper I

• Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.
• Social empowerment, communalism, regionalism & secularism.
• The Freedom Struggle — its various stages and important contributors/contributions from different parts of the country.
• Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant events, personalities, issues.
• History of the world will include events from the 18th century such as industrial revolution, world wars, re-drawal of national boundaries, colonization, decolonization, political philosophies like communism, capitalism, socialism, etc.— their forms and effect on the society.
• Salient features of Indian Society, Diversity of India.
• Salient features of the world’s physical geography.
• Effects of globalization on Indian society.
• Role of women and women’s organization, population and associated issues, poverty and developmental issues, urbanization, their problems, and their remedies.
• Post-independence consolidation and reorganization within the country.
• Distribution of key natural resources across the world (including South Asia and the Indian sub-continent); factors responsible for the location of primary, secondary, and tertiary sector industries in various parts of the world (including India).
• Important Geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity, cyclone, etc., geographical features and their location-changes in critical geographical features (including water-bodies and ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes.

Syllabus for UPSC Mains General Studies Paper II

• Indian Constitution—historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure.
• Parliament and State legislatures—structure, functioning, the conduct of business, powers & privileges and issues arising out of these.
• Separation of powers between various organs disputes redressal mechanisms and institutions.
• Government strives to have a workforce that reflects gender balance and women candidates are encouraged to apply.
• Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues, and challenges pertaining to the federal structure, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein.
• Structure, organization, and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary—Ministries and Departments of the Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associations and their role in the Polity.
• Comparison of the Indian constitutional scheme with that of other countries.
• Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation.
• Appointment to various Constitutional posts, powers, functions, and responsibilities of various Constitutional Bodies. Statutory, regulatory and various quasi-judicial bodies.
• Salient features of the Representation of People’s Act.
• Issues relating to poverty and hunger.
• Development processes and the development industry —the role of NGOs, SHGs, various groups and associations, donors, charities, institutional and other stakeholders.
• Role of civil services in a democracy.
• Important International institutions, agencies, and fora- their structure, mandate.
• Issues relating to the development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources.
• Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the population by the Centre and States and the performance of these schemes; mechanisms, laws, institutions, and Bodies constituted for the protection and betterment of these vulnerable sections.
• India and its neighborhood- relations.
• Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests, Indian diaspora.
• Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.

UPSC Exam Syllabus for Mains General Studies Paper III

• Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, development, and employment.
• Food processing and related industries in India- scope’ and significance, location, upstream and downstream requirements, supply chain management.
• Major crops-cropping patterns in various parts of the country, – different types of irrigation and irrigation systems storage, transport and marketing of agricultural produce and issues and related constraints; e-technology in the aid of farmers.
• Government Budgeting
• Inclusive growth and issues arising from it
• Issues related to direct and indirect farm subsidies and minimum support prices; Public Distribution System- objectives, functioning, limitations, revamping; issues of buffer stocks and food security; Technology missions; economics of animal-rearing
• Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways, etc
• Land reforms in India
• Effects of liberalization on the economy, changes in industrial policy and their effects on industrial growth.
• Investment models
• Science and Technology – developments and their applications and effects in everyday life
• Achievements of Indians in science & technology; indigenization of technology and developing new technology
• Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, robotics, nano-technology, bio-technology and issues relating to intellectual property rights
• Challenges to internal security through communication networks, the role of media and social networking sites in internal security challenges, basics of cybersecurity; money laundering and its prevention
• Conservation, environmental pollution, and degradation, environmental impact assessment.
• Disaster and disaster management
• Linkages between development and spread of extremism
• Security challenges and their management in border areas – linkages of organized crime with terrorism
•  Various Security forces and agencies and their mandate
• Role of external state and non-state actors in creating challenges to internal security

UPSC IAS Mains Syllabus for General Studies Paper IV

• Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, determinants, and consequences of Ethics in-human actions; dimensions of ethics; ethics – in private and public relationships. Human Values – lessons from the lives and teachings of great leaders, reformers and administrators; the role of family society and educational institutions in inculcating values.
• Aptitude and foundational values for Civil Service, integrity, impartiality and nonpartisanship, objectivity, dedication to public service, empathy, tolerance and compassion towards the weaker sections.
• Attitude: content, structure, function; its influence and relation with thought and behavior; moral and political attitudes; social influence and persuasion.
• Contributions of moral thinkers and philosophers from India and the world.
• Emotional intelligence-concepts, and their utilities and application in administration and governance.
• Probity in Governance: Concept of public service; Philosophical basis of governance and probity; Information sharing and transparency in government, Right to Information, Codes of Ethics, Codes of Conduct, Citizen’s Charters, Work culture, Quality of service delivery, Utilization of public funds, challenges of corruption.
• Public/Civil service values and Ethics in Public administration: Status and problems; ethical concerns and dilemmas in government and private institutions; laws, rules, regulations, and conscience as sources of ethical guidance; accountability and ethical governance; strengthening of ethical and moral values in governance; ethical issues in international relations and funding; corporate governance.
• Case Studies on the above issues.

UPSC Optional Syllabus

• UPSC Agriculture Optional Syllabus
• UPSC Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science Optional Syllabus
• UPSC Anthropology Optional Syllabus
• UPSC Botany Optional Syllabus
• UPSC Chemistry Optional Syllabus
• UPSC Civil Engineering Optional Syllabus
• UPSC Commerce & Accountancy Optional Syllabus
• UPSC Economics Optional Syllabus
• UPSC Electrical Engineering Optional Syllabus
• UPSC Geography Optional Syllabus
• UPSC Geology Optional Syllabus
• UPSC History Optional Syllabus
• UPSC Law Optional Syllabus
• UPSC Management Optional Syllabus
• UPSC Mathematics Optional Syllabus
• UPSC Mechanical Engineering Optional Syllabus
• UPSC Medical Science Optional Syllabus
• UPSC Philosophy Optional Syllabus
• UPSC Physics Optional Syllabus
• UPSC Political Science & International Relations Optional Syllabus
• UPSC Psychology Optional Syllabus
• UPSC Public Administration Optional Syllabus
• UPSC Sociology Optional Syllabus
• UPSC Statistics Optional Syllabus
• UPSC Zoology Optional Syllabus
• UPSC Assamese Optional Syllabus (Literature)
• UPSC Bengali Optional Syllabus (Literature)
• UPSC Bodo Optional Syllabus (Literature)
• UPSC Dogri Optional Syllabus (Literature)
• UPSC Gujarati Optional Syllabus (Literature)
• UPSC Hindi Optional Syllabus (Literature)
• UPSC Kannada Optional Syllabus (Literature)
• UPSC Kashmiri Optional Syllabus (Literature)
• UPSC Konkani Optional Syllabus (Literature)
• UPSC Maithili Optional Syllabus (Literature)
• UPSC Malayalam Optional Syllabus (Literature)
• UPSC Manipuri Optional Syllabus (Literature)
• UPSC Marathi Optional Syllabus (Literature)
• UPSC Nepali Optional Syllabus (Literature)
• UPSC Odia Optional Syllabus (Literature)
• UPSC Punjabi Optional Syllabus (Literature)
• UPSC Sanskrit Optional Syllabus (Literature)
• UPSC Santhali Optional Syllabus (Literature)
• UPSC Sindhi Optional Syllabus (Literature)
• UPSC Tamil Optional Syllabus (Literature)
• UPSC Telugu Optional Syllabus (Literature)
• UPSC English Optional Syllabus (Literature)
• UPSC Urdu Optional Syllabus (Literature)

UPSC Interview Syllabus

Candidates who have cleared the UPSC Mains Examination will be called for the final stage of the selection process i.e. Personality Test(Interview). The interview is more of a purposive conversation that is intended to reveal the mental qualities of a candidate.

Summary

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